ID	ModifiedOn	Contributors	InformalClassification	Family	TaxonID	TaxonName	SeeAlso	NameRank	Hybrid	TerminalTaxon	Excluded	Peripheral	Waif	Endemic	Extirpated	OriginCode	Origin	Distribution	Voucher	Comments
5264	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132656	Achnatherum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5265	2009-04-27 08:31:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132668	Achnatherum bloomeri		species	Named	Y	Y	N	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA24 does not show WA within the range of known collections.<br><br>FNA24: "The name Achnatherum xbloomeri applies only to hybrids between A. hymenoides and A. occidentale subsp. occidentale,..."<br><br>O. caduca, Stipa c., S. bloomeri, O. b., S. membranacea, O. m., S. h., O. cuspidata.; the sp. tends to hybridize with various pops. of Stipa and has aparently produced several intermediate phases,  . . . named as separate species. (Hitch); see also synonymy in [1] p. 909.
5267	2023-04-08 19:43:26		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132708	Achnatherum hymenoides		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Achnatherum hymenoides grows in dry, well-drained soils, primarily in the western part of the Flora region and northern Mexico. Specimens from further east may be introduced; it is unknown whether they have persisted. The roots of A. hymenoides are often surrounded by a rhizosheath formed by mucilaginous secretions to which soil particles attach. This rhizosheath harbors nitrogen-fixing organisms that probably contribute to the success of the species as a colonizer."
5268	2020-05-30 10:59:17		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132724	Achnatherum lemmonii		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5269	2020-05-30 11:13:39		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132729	Achnatherum lemmonii ssp. lemmonii		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Achnatherum lemmonii grows in sagebrush and yellow pine associations, from southern British Columbia to California and east to Utah. It has been confused in the past with A. nelsonii; it differs in having narrower leaves, laterally compressed florets with a thick apical lobe, and longer paleas."
5271	2023-11-19 18:38:23		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132749	Achnatherum nelsonii ssp. dorei		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Achnatherum nelsonii subsp. dorei grows from the southern Yukon Territory to California and Wyoming. In regions where both subspecies grow, subsp. dorei is at higher elevations than subsp. nelsonii."
5272	2023-11-19 18:59:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132753	Achnatherum nelsonii ssp. nelsonii		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5274	2023-11-20 19:35:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132761	Achnatherum occidentale	Achnatherum nelsonii	species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5275	2024-07-12 11:29:45		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132767	Achnatherum occidentale ssp. californicum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Achnatherum occidentale subsp. californicum grows from Washington through Idaho to southwestern Montana and south to California and Nevada, with disjunct records from south-central Wyoming and southwestern Utah. Its elevation range is 2000–4000 m.<br><br>Johnson (1962) postulated that Achnatherum occidentale subsp. californicum is a hybrid derivative of A. nelsonii and A. occidentale; it intergrades with both. The scattering of longer hairs among shorter hairs on the basal awn segments, combined with the long apical lemma hairs, give florets of subsp. californicum a more untidy appearance than those of the other two subspecies. It resembles A. nevadense in this respect, but differs from that species in the shape of the boundary between the glabrous and strigose portions of the callus, in usually being glabrous below the lower cauline nodes, and in having paleas that are shorter in relation to the lemmas. Plants with scabrous awns are often confused with A. nelsonii subsp. nelsonii; they differ in having sharper calluses, a more elongated extension of the glabrous callus area into the strigose portion of the callus, and, usually, longer awns."
5276	2024-07-12 11:34:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132774	Achnatherum occidentale ssp. pubescens		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Achnatherum occidentale subsp. pubescens grows from Washington to California and eastward to Wyoming, at 1300–4700 m. It is the most widespread and variable subspecies of A. occidentale, intergrading with subsp. californicum, A. nelsonii, and A. lettermanii. It differs from the latter two in its shorter paleas and its pilose awns."
5277	2023-11-20 20:27:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132792	Achnatherum richardsonii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Achnatherum richardsonii grows in open woodlands and grasslands, often on sand or gravel, from the Yukon Territory to Washington and Manitoba, and south in the Rocky Mountains through Montana and Wyoming to western South Dakota and northern Colorado. Its elevation range is 1000–3100 m. It is readily recognized by its combination of flexuous panicle branches, drooping spikelets, and straight distal awn segments. Scagel and Maze (1984) concluded that putative hybrids between A. richardsonii and A. nelsonii subsp. dorei were merely large plants of subsp. dorei that varied in the direction of A. richardsonii."
5278	2023-11-20 20:32:34		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132810	Achnatherum thurberianum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Achnatherum thurberianum grows in canyons and foothills, primarily in sagebrush desert and juniper woodland associations, from Washington to southern Idaho and southwestern Montana and from California to Utah, at 900–3000 m. Its long ligules and pilose awns make it one of the easier North American species of Achnatherum to identify."
5279	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132872	Aegilops		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5280	2023-06-04 21:19:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132898	Aegilops cylindrica		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from southern Europe	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Aegilops cylindrica is a widespread weed in North America, being particularly troublesome in winter wheat. It usually grows in disturbed sites such as roadsides, fields, and along railroad tracks. It is native to the Mediterranean region and central Asia, and is adventive in other temperate countries. Hybrids with Triticum aestivum have been found in various parts of North America. Being sterile annuals, they do not persist."
5281	2025-10-09 09:27:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132965	Aegilops triuncialis		species		Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA24: "North American collections of Aegilops triuncialis are from disturbed sites, mostly roadsides and railroads, in California and western Nevada. The native range of the species extends from the Mediterranean area east to central Asia and south to Saudi Arabia. Specimens from the Flora region belong to Aegilops triuncialis var. triuncialis, which has apical spikelets with 5-8 cm central awns on the glumes and 2 well-developed 1-3 cm lateral awns, and lateral spikelets with 2-3 well-developed 1.5-6 cm awns. It differs from A. triuncialis var. persica (Boiss.) Eig, which has apical spikelets with 2-5 cm central awns on the glumes and 2 lateral awns of 1-2 cm, sometimes reduced to teeth, and lateral spikelets with 1 awn to 1.5 cm and 1-2 teeth."
5282	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133050	Agropogon		genus	Named	N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5283	2023-11-20 20:34:24		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133052	Agropogon lutosus		species	named	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA24: "xAgropogon lutosus is a sterile hybrid between Agrostis stolonifera and Polypogon monspeliensis that sometimes grows in locations where both parents occur, such as damp to wet, often alkaline soils on lakesides,.  Some plants favor A. stolonifera, others P. monspeliensis.  All differ from Polygogon in having more persistent spikelets, less blunt short-awned glumes, and lemmas with subterminal rather than terminal awns; and from Agrostis in having awned glumes and awned lemmas."<br><br>No specimens from Washington, so this species is considered excluded.
5284	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133057	Agropyron	Elymus, Eremopyrum, Pascopyrum, Pseudoroegneria, Thinopyrum	genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5285	2023-11-30 09:52:34		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133061	Agropyron cristatum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Among the more commonly encountered variants of Agropyron cristatum in the Flora region are the cultivar "˜Fairway\\\', which was considered by Dillman (1946) and Dewey (1986) to belong to A. cristatum rather than A. desertorum, and its derivatives "˜Parkway\\\' and "˜Ruff\\\'. The name "Fairway" is also widely used in agricultural circles to refer to any crested wheatgrass that looks like the cultivar "˜Fairway\\\'. "Standard" crested wheatgrass, which Dewey (1986) and others placed in A. desertorum, originally referred to a particular seed lot (S.P.I. 19537) that the Montana Wheatgrowers\\\' Association decided to use as a standard against which to compare the performance of other crested wheatgrass strains. The term is now applied by agronomists to all crested wheatgrasses that are less leafy and have more lanceolate spikes than "Fairway" crested wheatgrasses. There are numerous cultivars of crested wheatgrass available.<br><br>Because it is easy to establish, Agropyron cristatum has often been used to restore productivity to areas that have been overgrazed, burned, or otherwise disturbed. This ability, combined with its high seed production, tends to prevent establishment of most other species, both native and introduced."
5286	2023-11-22 17:29:26		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133088	Agropyron fragile		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;		
5287	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133098	Agrostis	Apera, Podagrostis, Polypogon	genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5288	2023-05-13 06:43:21		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133129	Agrostis canina		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia			No specimens of this species have been collected from Washington. It is not considered established in the flora.
5289	2023-11-22 17:32:41		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133154	Agrostis capillaris		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis capillaris grows along roadsides and in disturbed areas. It was introduced from Europe, and is now well established in western and eastern North America. It is often used for fine-leaved lawns; commercial seed sold as Agrostis tenuis "˜Highland\\' usually contains A. capillaris.<br><br>Agrostis capillaris differs from A. gigantea in its short ligules, especially on the vegetative shoots, and the open panicles that lack spikelets near the base of the branches. It differs from A. castellana in having diffuse rather than clustered spikelets, fewer rhizomes, divaricate panicle branches after anthesis, calluses that are glabrous or with hairs up to 0.1 mm long, and glabrous lemmas. It also tends to flower somewhat earlier than A. castellana. Agrostis capillaris readily hybridizes with A. vinealis, the hybrids being somewhat intermediate between the two parents."
5290	2023-11-22 18:12:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133207	Agrostis castellana		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in lowland western Washington:	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis castellana is native to southern Europe. It was introduced to North America in the 1930s for use in lawns and golf greens, under the name Agrostis tenuis "˜Highland\\\'; commercial samples of "˜Highland\\\' often contain A. capillaris. Escaped plants were collected at least as early as the 1950s, but were not recognized as belonging to A. castellana until the 1990s, when several collections were identified as such in Oregon. Recorded habitats have ranged from sunny gravel roadsides to moist ground alongside cranberry bogs, at elevations from near sea level to over 600 m. In view of its extensive commercial use for over 70 years and its drought tolerance, it is likely that it is more widespread than shown.<br><br>Agrostis castellana belongs to a Eurasian group that includes A. gigantea, A. stolonifera, and A. capillaris. It differs from A. gigantea and A. stolonifera in having shorter, truncate ligules about as short as wide, and in not possessing extensive rhizomes and stolons. It differs from A. capillaris in having clustered rather than diffuse spikelets, more abundant rhizomes, somewhat constricted panicle branches after anthesis, abundantly hairy calluses with hairs up to 0.3(0.6) mm long, and lemmas that are sometimes dorsally pubescent. It also tends to flower somewhat later than A. capillaris."
5291	2023-05-13 12:11:19		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133249	Agrostis exarata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis exarata is common and widely distributed in western North America, usually growing in moist ground in open woodlands, river valleys, tidal marshes, and swamp and lake margins; it also grows in dry habitats such as grasslands and shrublands. It extends from Alaska into Mexico, and is also found in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. Eastern North American records probably reflect introductions. It readily colonizes roadsides and bare soil, and exhibits ecological and developmental flexibility. Agrostis exarata is recognized here as a single, variable species that includes what others have treated as distinct species or varieties. Cytotaxonomic study might clarify the basis of the observed variation. Agrostis exarata appears to be related to A. densiflora."
5292	2023-05-13 12:16:27		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133291	Agrostis gigantea		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis gigantea grows in fields, roadsides, ditches, and other disturbed habitats, mostly at lower elevations. It is a serious agricultural weed, as well as a valuable soil stabilizer. In the Flora region, its range extends from the subarctic to Mexico; it is considered to be native to Eurasia. It is more heat tolerant than most species of Agrostis.<br><br>Agrostis gigantea has been confused with A. stolonifera, from which it differs in having rhizomes and a more open panicle. Agrostis stolonifera has elongated leafy stolons, mainly all above the surface, that root at the nodes, and the panicles are condensed and often less strongly pigmented than in A. gigantea. Its distribution tends to be more northern and coastal where ditches and pond margins are common habitats, and its stolons enable it to form loose mats. Agrostis gigantea is ecologically adapted to a more extreme climate—hot summers/cold winters and drought—than A. stolonifera. It is also similar to A. capillaris and A. castellana; it differs from both in its longer ligules, from A. capillaris in its less open panicles with spikelets near the base of the branches, and from A. castellana in being more extensively rhizomatous.<br><br>When Agrostis gigantea grows in damp hollows under trees it becomes more like A. stolonifera, particularly when the inflorescence is young, not expanded, and pale. If the rootstock is not collected, identification is a major problem."
5293	2023-05-13 17:08:20		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133357	Agrostis idahoensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis idahoensis grows in western North America, from British Columbia to California and New Mexico, in alpine and subalpine meadows along wet seepage areas and bogs, and in wet openings with Sphagnum in coniferous forests. It was recently discovered in Chile and Argentina; it is not known whether it is native or introduced there (Rúgolo de Agrasar and Molina 1997). Agrostis idahoensis is often confused with A. mertensii and dwarf forms of A. scabra, both of which tend to grow in better-drained habitats."
5294	2023-11-23 07:14:47		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133429	Agrostis mertensii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Cascades Range in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis mertensii grows on banks and gravel bars in river and lake valleys, and on open grasslands and rocky slopes of mountains and cliffs. It has a circumboreal distribution. In the Flora region, it extends from Alaska across Canada to Newfoundland and Greenland, south in the mountains to Wyoming and Colorado in the west, and West Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina in the east. It also grows in arctic Europe, Scandinavia, the mountainous regions of Mexico, and n
5295	2023-11-23 07:17:03		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133462	Agrostis microphylla		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest and in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis microphylla grows in thin, rocky soils, sandy areas, cliffs, vernal pools, and serpentine areas. It is a winter annual, flowering in late winter to spring, adapted to low-competition habitats with summer drought. It may be related to, or conspecific with, A. hendersonii.<br><br>Agrostis microphylla grows mostly along the Pacific coast from British Columbia to northern Baja California, Mexico. Reports of A. microphylla from the Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, reflect Vasey\\'s treatment of a specimen of A. exarata as the type of a new variety, A. microphylla var. major Vasey."
5296	2023-11-23 07:18:59		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133476	Agrostis murbeckii		species	named	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			No specimens from Washington known.
5297	2023-05-21 08:40:42		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133483	Agrostis oregonensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis oregonensis grows in wet habitats, such as stream and lake margins, damp woods, and meadows, in western North America, primarily in the Pacific Northwest from British Columbia to California and Wyoming. It has not been found in Mexico."
5298	2023-05-13 06:31:18		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133493	Agrostis pallens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis pallens grows on coastal sands and cliffs, in meadows, and in open, xeric woodlands to subalpine woodlands at 3500 m. It extends from British Columbia south into Baja California, Mexico, and east to western Montana and Utah. The relationship of the higher-elevation, more open-panicled plants to those of lower elevations merits further study."
5299	2025-10-09 09:28:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133521	Agrostis perennans		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	Not in H&C.<br><br>FNA24: "Agrostis perennans grows along roadsides and in fields, fens, woodlands, and periodically inundated stream banks. It is widespread and common in eastern North America; it also grows from central Mexico to central South America. There are old records from Oregon and Washington, but A. perennans does not appear to be established in western North America. It is more tolerant of shade and moisture than Agrostis scabra, from which it differs in its later flowering, leafier culms, and its basal leaves that usually wither by anthesis."<br><br>This species is considered excluded due to the lack of specimens indicating its presence in the flora.
5300	2023-05-13 17:32:45		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133585	Agrostis scabra		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Widely distributed on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis scabra grows in a wide variety of habitats, including grasslands, meadows, shrublands, wood-lands, marshes, and stream and lake margins, as well as disturbed sites such as roadsides, ditches, and aban-doned pastures. It occurs throughout much of the Flora region, but is not common in the Canadian high arctic or the southeastern United States. It extends south into Mexico; it is also native to the Pacific coast from Kamchatka to Japan and Korea, and has been introduced elsewhere.<br><br>Plants in the Agrostis scabra aggregate are variable. Awned and unawned plants often occur together, the difference presumably being caused by a single gene. At least three groups may be distinguished within the species as treated here: widespread, lowland, rather weedy plants capable of producing very large panicles that have been introduced into the southern United States; smaller, short-leaved, slow-growing plants of rocks and screes, which are widespread in the Rockies, the Appalachians, and much of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland; and luxuriant, broad-leaved plants that are characteristically found in sheltered, frost-free canyons of the southwestern United States. The second group has sometimes been called A. scabra var. geminata (Trin.) Swallen or A. geminata Trin.<br><br>Tercek et al. (2003) found that annual forms of Agrostis scabra with inflated upper sheaths and open panicles that were collected around hot springs in western North America were molecularly, and in some respects morphologically, more similar to plants identified as hot spring endemics such as A. rossiae and A. pauzhetica Prob., than they were to neighboring perennial plants of A. scabra that did not have inflated leaf sheaths. They differed, however, in having open, rather than contracted, panicles.<br><br>Agrostis scabra is often confused w
5301	2023-05-13 17:37:16		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133687	Agrostis stolonifera		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis stolonifera grows in areas that are often temporarily flooded, such as lakesides, marshes, salt marshes, lawns, and damp fields, as well as moist meadows, forest openings, and along streams. It will also colonize disturbed sites such as ditches, clearcuts, and overgrazed pastures. Its North American range extends from the subarctic into Mexico, mostly at low to middle elevations.<br><br>Agrostis stolonifera has been confused with A. gigantea. It is considered to be Eurasian, but some northern salt marsh and lakeside populations may be native. Agrostis stolonifera is also similar to A. castellana; it differs in having longer, acute to truncate ligules that are longer than wide, and in possessing extensive stolons. The names A. palustris Huds. and A. maritima Lam. have been applied to plants with longer stolons; all forms intergrade. A hybrid between A. stolonifera and Polypogon monspeliensis, ×Agropogon lutosus, has been found in the Flora region. It differs from A. stolonifera in having awned glumes and lemmas. Agrostis stolonifera readily hybridizes with A. vinealis, the hybrids being somewhat intermediate between the two parents."
5302	2023-05-13 17:44:31		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133769	Agrostis variabilis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Agrostis variabilis grows in alpine and subalpine meadows and forests and on talus slopes, at elevations up to 4000 m, from British Columbia and Alberta south to California and New Mexico. It can appear similar to dwarf forms of Podagrostis humilis, but differs from that species in not having paleas."
5303	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133821	Aira		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5304	2020-05-26 18:32:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133829	Aira caryophyllea		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced Eurasia and North Africa	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington and east in the Columbia River Gorge;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5305	2020-05-26 18:35:52		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133840	Aira caryophyllea var. caryophyllea		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia and North Africa	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington and east in the Columbia River Gorge;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24:"Aira caryophyllea var. caryophyllea is native to the Mediterranean region. It usually grows in dry, sandy to rocky soil and on rock outcrops, in open and disturbed sites in woods, grassy flats, pastures, paths, and roadsides; it is occasionally found in damp ground at swamp or lagoon margins."
5306	2023-12-01 11:51:07		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133856	Aira elegans		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Aira caryophyllea var. capillaris is native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. It usually grows in dry to somewhat moist, sandy loam soils of grassy banks, woodland openings, and disturbed sites such as pastures and roadsides.<br><br>Aira caryophyllea var. capillaris is the correct name for this taxon at the varietal level. If treated at the species level, its correct name is Aira elegans Willd. ex Roem. & Schult."
5307	2023-11-23 07:42:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133869	Aira praecox		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Aira praecox is native to Europe. In the Flora region, it grows mainly along or near the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, in dry to vernally moist sand dunes or in sandy to rocky soils, on rock faces and ledges, and in disturbed areas such as the edges of roads, railways, and airports. It is usually found in lowland areas, though it occasionally grows at montane to subalpine elevations."
5308	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133894	Alopecurus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5309	2020-05-12 12:09:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133897	Alopecurus aequalis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Widely distributed on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5311	2023-06-10 17:22:23		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133942	Alopecurus arundinaceus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Alopecurus arundinaceus is native to Eurasia, extending north of the Arctic Circle and south to the Mediterranean. It grows on wet, moderately acid to moderately alkaline soils, on flood plains, vernal ponds, and along rivers, streams, bogs, potholes, and sloughs. It was introduced for pasture in North Dakota and now occurs more widely, having been promoted as a forage species, and is sometimes used in seed mixtures for revegetation projects. It was evaluated for revegetation in Alberta, but there is no evidence that it was ever actually used in that province. Alopecurus arundinaceus was found to suppress Hordeum jubatum, a troublesome, unpalatable, weedy species, in irrigated pastures (Moyer and Boswall 2002)."
5312	2023-06-10 20:01:47		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133977	Alopecurus carolinianus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I?	Introduced from central North America?	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Alopecurus carolinianus is native to the central plains, Mississippi valley, and southeastern United States, where it is common in wet meadows, ditches, wetland edges, and other moist, open habitats; it is occasionally a weed of rice fields. At the northern limit of its range it is clearly adventive, growing in gardens and nurseries. It also occurs in arid areas of the prairies and southwest, growing sporadically along sloughs and in ditches and vernal pools. Whether such populations are native or naturalized is not clear."
5313	2023-11-23 07:51:16		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133987	Alopecurus geniculatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Alopecurus geniculatus is native to Eurasia and parts of North America, growing in shallow water, ditches, open wet meadows, shores, and stream banks from the lowland to montane zones. It has been naturalized in eastern North America. The status of populations in the west, including the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, is less certain. Many occur in moist sites within native rangeland, but these areas have also been affected by European settlement, although less intensively and for a shorter period than those in eastern North America."
5314	2023-11-23 07:59:14		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134041	Alopecurus myosuroides		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Alopecurus myosuroides is native to Eurasia and grows in moist meadows, deciduous forests, and cultivated or disturbed ground. A significant weed species in temperate cereal crops, it is one of the most damaging weeds of winter cereals in England. It has been introduced repeatedly as a weed of cultivation into many parts of the Flora region, but apparently has not spread to a large degree out of cultivation. Alopecurus myosuroides has been listed as a noxious weed in the state of Washington, one of the states where winter wheat is a major crop."
5315	2023-11-23 08:02:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134054	Alopecurus pratensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Alopecurus pratensis is native from temperate northern Eurasia south to North Africa. It is now widely naturalized in temperate regions throughout the world. It grows in poorly to somewhat drained soils in meadows, riverbanks, lakesides, ditches, roadsides and fence rows. It has been widely introduced as a pasture grass; it may also have become established from ballast or imported hay. The earliest collections are from coastal New England; it is now known from most provinces and states."
5316	2023-06-10 19:57:26		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134072	Alopecurus saccatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest and in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Alopecurus saccatus is a native annual that inhabits moist, open meadows, valley plains, and vernal pools at elevations below 700 m from Washington to California. Segregates have been treated as species in the past, but the variation between them appears to be continuous, and no habitat differentiation is evident."
5317	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134103	Ammophila		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5318	2023-11-23 10:25:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134105	Ammophila arenaria		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington along the marine coast;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5319	2023-11-23 10:27:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134115	Ammophila arenaria ssp. arenaria		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington along the marine coast;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Ammophila arenaria is a European species that has become naturalized in most temperate countries.  It was introduced along the Pacific coast and in the interior of western North America as a sand binder.<br><br>  North American plants belong to Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link subsp. arenaria, in which the glumes exceed the lemma and the callus hairs are about 2-3 mm long.  It is native from northern and western Europe to northwestern Spain."
5320	2023-11-23 10:31:30		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134118	Ammophila breviligulata		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced eastern North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington along the marine coast;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5321	2023-11-23 10:34:31		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134119	Ammophila breviligulata ssp. breviligulata		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from eastern North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Ammophila breviligulata subsp. breviligulata grows on sand dunes and dry sandy shores from around the Great Lakes to the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to South Carolina and, as an introduction, on the west coast."
5322	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134210	Andropogon	Schizachyrium	genus		N	Y	Y	N	N	N					
5323	2009-05-05 08:28:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134312	Andropogon gerardii		species		N	Y	Y	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA25: "Andropogon gerardii grows in prairies, meadows, and generally dry soils. It is a widespread species, extending from southern Canada to Mexico, and was once dominant over much of its range. It is frequently planted for erosion control, restoration, or as an ornamental; the records from Washington and central Montana reflect such plantings. It hybridizes with A. hallii, the two sometimes being treated as conspecific subspecies."
5324	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134654	Anthoxanthum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5325	2023-11-23 13:17:53		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134672	Anthoxanthum aristatum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring in scattered locations on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5326	2023-11-23 13:20:25		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134682	Anthoxanthum aristatum ssp. aristatum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring in scattered locations on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Anthoxanthum aristatum is native to Europe.  It is now established but not common in the Flora region, being found in mesic to dry, open, disturbed habitats of western and eastern North America.  North American plants belong to Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. subsp. aristatum, which differs from Anthoxanthum aristatum subsp. macranthum Valdes in having well-exserted awns and deeply bifid, sterile lemmas."
5327	2020-05-14 06:39:16		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134702	Anthoxanthum odoratum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "<i>Anthoxanthum odoratum </i>is native to southern Europe.  In the Flora, region it grows in meadows, pastures, grassy beaches, old hay fields, waste places, dense shade or as a weed in lawns.... In southern British Columbia, it is rapidly invading the moss-covered bedrock of coastal bluffs, and will soon exclude many native species."
5328	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134749	Apera		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5329	2023-11-23 13:25:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134756	Apera interrupta		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Introduced from Europe, it now grows from British Columbia south to Arizona and New Mexico, as well as in Ontario and a few scattered locations in the eastern part of the Flora region."
5331	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	134961	Aristida		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5332	2023-05-21 09:48:21		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	135314	Aristida purpurea		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5333	2023-05-21 09:50:39		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	135334	Aristida purpurea var. longiseta		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Aristida purpurea var. longiseta grows on sandy or rocky slopes and plains, and in barren soils of disturbed ground from western Canada to northern Mexico. It is the most variable variety of Aristida purpurea, ranging from short plants with basal leaves and short panicles suggestive of var. fendleriana, to tall plants with long cauline leaves and long, drooping panicles resembling var. purpurea. The length of its glumes, width of its lemma apex, and the length and thickness of its awns distinguish it from all the other varieties. The callus and long, stiff awns are especially troublesome to sheep and cattle."
5334	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	135498	Arrhenatherum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5335	2023-11-23 16:06:48		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	135501	Arrhenatherum elatius		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5338	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	135971	Avena		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5339	2023-11-24 07:36:57		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	135974	Avena barbata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced Eurasian	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	H&C uses Avena barbata Brot., which is an invalid/illegitimate name according to TROPICOS.<br><br>FNA24:"Avena barbata is native to the Mediterranean region and central Asia. It has become naturalized in western North America, particularly California, displacing native grasses It was collected once in Vancouver, British Columbia, but should be considered a waif there."
5340	2023-11-24 07:41:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	135996	Avena fatua		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Avena fatua is native to Europe and central Asia. It is known as a weed in most temperate regions of the world; in some parts of Canada and the United States it is considered a noxious weed.<br><br>Avena fatua is sometimes confused with A. occidentalis, but differs in having shorter, wider spikelets, fewer florets, and a distal floret which does not have a heart-shaped disarticulation scar. Hybrids between A. fatua and A. sativa are common in plantings of cultivated oats. The hybrids resemble A. sativa, but differ in having the fatua-type lodicule; some also have a weak awn on the first lemma. They are easily confused with fatuoid forms of A. sativa."
5341	2023-11-24 07:46:03		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	136068	Avena sativa		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from the Mediterranean region	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Avena sativa, a native of Eurasia, is widely cultivated in cool, temperate regions of the world, including North America. Fall-sown oats are planted in the Pacific and southern states in United States; spring-sown oats are more important elsewhere in North America. It is sometimes planted as a fast-growing soil stabilizer along roadsides. Several forms are grown, of which the most distinctive are naked oats. These differ from typical forms as indicated in the description and in having caryopses that fall from the florets. Escapes from cultivation are common but rarely persist.<br><br>Avena sativa hybridizes readily with A. fatua. The hybrids are easily confused with fatuoid forms of A. sativa, which differ in having the sativa-type lodicule."
5342	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	136663	Beckmannia		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5343	2023-11-24 07:59:43		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	136673	Beckmannia syzigachne		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Beckmannia syzigachne grows in damp habitats such as marshes, floodplains, the edges of ponds, lakes, streams, and ditches, and in standing water. It is a good forage grass, but frequently grows in easily damaged habitats."
5344	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	136908	Bouteloua		genus		N	Y	N	N	N	N					
5345	2009-05-06 08:33:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137019	Bouteloua curtipendula		species		N	Y	N	Y	N	N					
5346	2013-08-15 09:56:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137044	Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula		infraspecies		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N				{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	Reported from WA in Brittonia (1964) according to Kartesz (1999); but not recorded in WA in FNA; occurrence in WA uncertain.<br><br>FNA24: "Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula is the common variety of B. curtipendula in most of the Flora region. It grows on rich, loamy, well-drained prairie soils. Its elevational range extends from below 100 m to 2500 m."<br><br>No specimens of this taxon from Washington exist in any herbarium in the Pacific Northwest.  This taxon is considered excluded until a specimen from Washington is generated.
5347	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137321	Brachypodium		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5348	2023-11-24 08:02:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137370	Brachypodium sylvaticum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced Eurasia and North Africa	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in lowland western Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5349	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137381	Briza		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5350	2023-11-24 08:11:21		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137386	Briza maxima		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Briza maxima is native to the Mediterranean region. Cultivated as an ornamental, it is possibly one of the earliest grasses grown for other than edible purposes. It occasionally becomes naturalized in dry to somewhat moist but well-drained, fine or sandy soil on banks, rocky places, open woodlands, and cultivated areas such as roadsides and pastures. In the Flora region, it is known from scattered locations ... where it is an invader of coastal dune habitat."
5351	2023-11-24 08:13:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137393	Briza minor		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from the Mediterranean region		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	This species has been collected once in Washington from a golf course. It is not considered established in the flora.<br><br>  FNA24: "Briza minor is native to the Mediterranean region. It is the most widespread species of Briza in the Flora region, growing in many habitats: swamp margins, seasonal wetlands and around vernal pools, open woodlands, sandhills, roadsides, and pastures. It appears to be established from southern British Columbia south through western Oregon to California and Arizona, and in the east from the Atlantic states to the Gulf Coast states, inland to Oklahoma and Arkansas."
5352	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137429	Bromus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5353	2023-11-24 08:19:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137455	Bromus arenarius		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WS"}	
5354	2009-05-06 08:42:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137519	Bromus briziformis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Note distinct spelling in H&C.<br><br>FNA24: "Bromus briziformis grows in waste places, road verges, and overgrazed areas. It is native to southwest Asia and Europe, and is adventive in the Flora region, occurring from southern British Columbia to as far south as New Mexico, and in scattered locations eastward. The unique shape of its spikelets has led to its use in dried flower arrangements and as a garden ornamental. The common name may refer to the similarity of the spikelets to a rattlesnake's tail."
5355	2025-10-09 11:24:31		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137527	Bromus catharticus		species		N	Y	N	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	
5356	2009-05-06 09:25:00	David Giblin	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137572	Bromus catharticus var. elatus		infraspecies		Y	Y	N	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	[not in H&C]<br><br>FNA24 does not show this taxon occurring in Washington.
5357	2023-11-24 17:00:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137593	Bromus ciliatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus ciliatus grows in damp meadows, thickets, woods, and stream banks across almost all of northern North America except the high arctic, extending further south mainly through the western United States to Mexico. Some taxonomists have named plants with different degrees of sheath pubescence as different forms. Because the variation is continuous, such differences are not formally recognized in this treatment."
5358	2023-11-24 17:05:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137623	Bromus commutatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus commutatus grows in fields, waste places, and road verges. It is native to Europe and the Baltic region; in the Flora region, it is found mainly in the United States and southern Canada. Hildemar Scholz (pers. comm.) recognizes three subspecies of B. commutatus in Europe; no attempt has been made to determine which subspecies are present in the Flora region."
5359	2023-11-24 17:17:50		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137656	Bromus diandrus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "<i>Bromus diandrus</i> is native to southern and western Europe. It is now established in North America, where it grows in disturbed ground, waste places, fields, sand dunes, and limestone areas. It occurs from southwestern British Columbia to Baja California, Mexico, and eastward to Montana, Colorado, Texas, and scattered locations in the eastern United States. The common name "˜ripgut grass\\\' indicates the effect it has on animals if they consume the sharp, long-awned florets of this species.<br><br><i>Bromus diandrus</i>, as treated here, includes <i>B. rigidus</i> Roth. Sales (1993) reduced these two taxa to varietal rank, pointing out that the differences between them in panicle morphology and callus and scar shape are subtle enough that identification of many specimens beyond <i>B. diandrus</i> sensu lato is often impossible."
5360	2023-06-04 23:09:57		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137687	Bromus erectus		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus erectus is native to Europe. In the Flora region, it grows on disturbed soils, often over limestone. It is established in the eastern United States and Canada, and has been reported from other locations where it has not persisted."  All current specimens appear to be misidentifications.  This species is not considered established in the Flora region.
5361	2023-11-25 07:33:05		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137710	Bromus hordeaceus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus hordeaceus subsp. hordeaceus grows throughout the range of the species, being most prevalent in southwestern British Columbia, the western United States, and the northeastern coast."
5362	2020-05-09 09:08:44		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137756	Bromus inermis	Bromus pumpellianus	species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus inermis is native to Eurasia, and is now found in disturbed sites in Alaska, Greenland, and most of Canada as well as south throughout most of the contiguous United States except the southeast. It has also been used for rehabilitation, and is planted extensively for forage in pastures and rangelands from Alaska and the Yukon Territory toTexas.<br><br>Bromus inermis is similar to B. pumpellianus, differing mainly in having glabrous lemmas, nodes, and leaf blades, but lack of pubescence is not a consistently reliable distinguishing character. Bromus inermis also resembles a recently introduced species, B. riparius, from which it differs primarily in its shorter or nonexistent awns."
5363	2023-11-25 07:46:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137781	Bromus japonicus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus japonicus grows in fields, waste places, and road verges. It is native to central and southeastern Europe and Asia, and is distributed throughout much of the United States and southern Canada, with one record from the Yukon Territory."
5364	2010-02-09 15:35:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137813	Bromus laevipes		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA24: "Bromus laevipes grows from northern Oregon to southern California. It grows in shaded woodlands and on exposed brushy slopes, at 300–1500 m."<br><br>Based on the note above and the lack of specimens from Washington, this species is considered excluded.
5366	2023-05-07 21:38:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137891	Bromus orcuttianus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus orcuttianus grows on dry hillsides and rocky slopes, and in open pine woods and meadows in the mountains, from 500–3500 m. It is found in the western United States, including Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, and Arizona. It is not known from Mexico."
5367	2023-11-25 07:49:49		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137895	Bromus pacificus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus pacificus grows in moist thickets, openings, and ravines along the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska to northern California, with a few occurrences further inland."
5368	2023-11-25 17:33:36		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137946	Bromus pumpellianus		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5369	2023-11-25 17:36:27		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137959	Bromus pumpellianus ssp. pumpellianus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus pumpellianus subsp. pumpellianus grows on sandy and gravelly stream banks and lake shores, sand dunes, meadows, dry grassy slopes, and road verges."
5370	2023-11-25 17:39:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137967	Bromus racemosus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus racemosus grows in fields, waste places, and road verges. It is native to western Europe and the Baltic region, and occurs throughout much of southern Canada and the United States. Hitchcock (1951) included B. hordeaceus subsp. pseudothominei in B. racemosus."
5371	2023-11-30 06:11:04		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	137987	Bromus rubens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in south-central Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus rubens is native to southern and southwestern Europe. It now grows in North America in disturbed ground, waste places, fields, and rocky slopes, from southern Washington to southern California, eastward to Idaho, New Mexico, and western Texas. It was found in Massachusetts before 1900 in wool waste used on a crop field; it is not established there. The record from New York represents a rare introduction; it is not known whether it is established.\'
5372	2023-11-25 18:37:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138001	Bromus secalinus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus secalinus is native to Europe. It is widespread in the Flora region, where it grows in fields, on waste ground, and along roadsides. Specimens with pubescent spikelets may be called B. secalinus var. velutinus (Schrad.) W.D.J. Koch."
5373	2020-04-02 09:25:34		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138026	Bromus sitchensis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus sitchensis grows on exposed rock bluffs and cliffs, and in meadows, often in the partial shade of forests along the ocean edge, and on road verges and other disturbed sites. Its range extends from the Aleutian Islands and Alaska panhandle through British Columbia to southern California.<br><br>Bromus sitchensis resembles B. aleutensis, the two sometimes being treated as conspecific varieties. Bromus sitchensis is predominantly outcrossing, while B. aleutensis is predominantly self-fertilizing (C.L. Hitchcock 1969)."
5374	2023-11-26 08:35:27		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138028	Bromus sitchensis var. aleutensis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in northwestern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus aleutensis grows in sand, gravel, and disturbed soil along the Pacific coast, from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska to western Washington, and on some lake shores of central British Columbia. It has also been found further east in Canada and in northern Idaho, always in disturbed sites, such as road edges.<br><br>Bromus aleutensis might represent a modified version of B. sitchensis, in which reproduction occurs at a relatively early developmental state in response to the climatic conditions of the Aleutian Islands (Hultén 1968). B. aleutensis is predominantly self-fertilizing, and B. sitchensis is predominantly outcrossing. Anther lengths close to 4.2 mm suggest that at least some plants of B. aleutensis are outcrossing (Hitchcock 1969). Bromus aleutensis intergrades with B. carinatus var. marginatus to the south."
5375	2023-11-26 08:26:21		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138049	Bromus sitchensis var. carinatus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus carinatus var. carinatus is primarily coastal and grows in shrublands, grasslands, meadows, and openings in chaparral and oak and yellow pine woodlands. It ranges from southern British Columbia through Washington, Oregon, and California to Baja California, Mexico, and extends eastward through Arizona to New Mexico."
5376	2023-11-26 08:30:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138072	Bromus sitchensis var. marginatus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus carinatus var. marginatus is primarily an inland species and grows on open slopes, grass balds, shrublands, meadows, and open forests, in montane and subalpine zones. It grows from British Columbia to Saskatchewan, south throughout the western United States, and also extends into northern Mexico. Its elevational range is 350–2200 m in the northern part of its distribution, and 1500–3300 m in the south.<br><br>Bromus carinatus var. marginatus is variable and intergrades with B. carinatus var. carinatus to the west, B. aleutensis to the north, and B. polyanthus to the southeast. As treated here, B. carinatus var. marginatus includes B. luzonensis J. Presl, which has been recognized mainly on the basis of its canescent sheaths and blades; this trait is highly variable and may be environmentally determined. Although the name Bromus carinatus var. marginatus was attributed to Hitchcock by Scoggan, there is no evidence that either A.S. or C.L. Hitchcock actually made the combination."
5377	2023-11-26 08:33:49		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138090	Bromus sitchensis var. polyanthus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Not in WA [FNA, H&C].
5378	2018-08-15 09:36:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138094	Bromus sitchensis var. sitchensis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5379	2023-05-07 21:28:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138100	Bromus squarrosus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus squarrosus grows in overgrazed pastures, fields, waste places, and road verges. Native to central Russia and southern Europe, it can be found mainly in southern Canada and the northern half of the United States. Saarela (2008) reported the presence of the two varieties described below in in his treatment of Bromus for British Columbia. The description in FNA 24 applied only to var. squarrosus."<br><br><br>Bromus japonicus Thunb. "This species is but one element of a complex . . . and B squarrosus L.  The last known from E Mont.  and characterized . . ." [H&C p. 509]
5380	2023-11-26 08:43:47		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138108	Bromus sterilis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus sterilis is native to Europe, growing from Sweden southward. In the Flora region, it grows in road verges, waste places, fields, and overgrazed rangeland. It is widespread in western and eastern North America, but is mostly absent from the Great Plains and the southeastern states."
5381	2023-11-26 08:48:23		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138115	Bromus suksdorfii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in southern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus suksdorfii grows on open slopes and in open subalpine forests, at about 1300–3300 m, from southern Washington to southern California."
5382	2020-05-24 08:06:26		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138119	Bromus tectorum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus tectorum is a European species that is well established in the Flora region and other parts of the world. It grows in disturbed sites, such as overgrazed rangelands, fields, sand dunes, road verges, and waste places. In the southwestern United States, Bromus tectorum is considered a good source of spring feed for cattle, at least until the awns mature. It is highly competitive and dominates rapidly after fire, especially in sagebrush areas. The resulting dense, fine fuels permanently shorten the fire-return interval, further hindering reestablishment of native species. It now dominates large areas of the sagebrush ecosystem of the western Flora region. See Schahner et al. 2008 discuss the population genetics of this species in the midcontinental United States and cite earlier papers on a similar topic for other parts of the country.<br><br>Specimens with glabrous spikelets have been called Bromus tectorum f. nudus (Klett & Richt.) H. St. John. They occur throughout the range of the species, and are not known to have any other distinguishing characteristics. For this reason, they are not given formal recognition in this treatment."
5383	2009-05-07 09:05:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138146	Bromus vulgaris		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Bromus vulgaris grows in shaded or partially shaded, often damp, coniferous forests along the coast, and inland in montane pine, spruce, fir, and aspen forests, from sea level to about 2000 m. Its range extends from coastal British Columbia eastward to southwestern Alberta and southward to central California, northern Utah, and western Wyoming.<br><br>Varieties have been described within Bromus vulgaris; because their variation is overlapping, none are recognized here."
5384	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138154	Calamagrostis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5385	2023-11-28 19:29:59		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138258	Calamagrostis canadensis	Calamagrostis stricta	species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5386	2023-11-28 19:44:24		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138273	Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5387	2023-11-29 19:53:34		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138292	Calamagrostis canadensis var. langsdorffii		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5388	2023-11-29 19:56:47		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138495	Calamagrostis howellii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Calamagrostis howellii grows on dry rocky slopes, banks, ledges, and in cliff crevices, sometimes on basalt, from 100-500m.  It grows only in the Columbia River Gorge of Washington and Oregon."
5389	2009-05-15 08:41:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138507	Calamagrostis koelerioides		species		Y	Y	Y	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU;  WS?"}	"I have seen no material referable to this species from n.  Oreg.  or from Wash." [H&C p.  529.].<br><br>FNA24 shows this species occurring in north-central Washington.
5390	2023-11-29 20:00:39		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138569	Calamagrostis nutkaensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington along the coast;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5391	2023-11-29 20:05:20		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138660	Calamagrostis purpurascens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "The hairy adaxial leaf surfaces are a reliable diagnostic characteristic for C. purpurascens.  Many specimens from Washington and Oregon currently identified as C. purpurascens belong to C. tacomensis.  In addition to differing in its leaf vestiture, C. purpurascens has shorter awns and panicle branches, and more scabrous glumes, than C. tacomensis."
5392	2023-11-29 20:07:47		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138737	Calamagrostis rubescens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Calamagrostis rubescens is similar to C. koelerioides.  The two have traditionally been distinguished by the presence of hairs on the leaf collars of C. rubescens, and their absence from C. koelerioides; a more reliable differentiation is the shorter lemmas, glumes, and awns of C. rubescens."
5393	2023-05-13 05:05:18		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138808	Calamagrostis stricta		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5394	2023-05-13 05:08:27		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138864	Calamagrostis stricta ssp. inexpansa		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "C. stricta ssp. inexpansa differs from subsp. stricta in its more robust growth and coarse habit."
5395	2023-05-13 05:10:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138898	Calamagrostis stricta ssp. stricta		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "C. stricta ssp. inexpansa differs from subsp. stricta in its more robust growth and coarse habit."
5396	2023-11-29 21:19:43		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138905	Calamagrostis tacomensis		species		Y	N	N	N	Y	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Olympic Mountains and Cascade Range in Washington.	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "This species has previously been identified as either C. purpurascens or C. sesquiflora.  It differs from C. purpurascens in having glabrous leaves, generally longer awns and inflorescence branches, and smoother glumes.  It differs from C. sesquiflora in having narrower leaves, callus hairs that are longer relative to the lemmas, longer inflorescence branches, and glume apices that are not twisted, as well as in often preferring drier habitats."
5397	2023-04-29 14:58:30		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138929	Calamagrostis tweedyi		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in central Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5398	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	138989	Calamovilfa		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5399	2023-11-30 13:39:52		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	139003	Calamovilfa gigantea		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Specimens at ID are likely C. longifolia.
5400	2023-11-30 13:47:52		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	139006	Calamovilfa longifolia		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from central and eastern North America	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5401	2023-11-30 13:51:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	139008	Calamovilfa longifolia var. longifolia		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from eastern and central North America	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WS"}	
5402	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	139045	Catabrosa		genus		N	Y	N	N	N	N					
5403	2015-04-01 10:22:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	139047	Catabrosa aquatica		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"WS"}	There are no Washington specimens of this species in any Pacific Northwest herbaria.  It is considered excluded until a specimen is located confirming its occurrence here.
5404	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	139083	Cenchrus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5405	2023-11-30 13:52:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	139202	Cenchrus longispinus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	General uncertainty regarding whether native or introduced.  However, earliest collections in our area date to 1920\\'s, and the early floras (e.g., Piper and Beattie) do not include it.  For a species with fruits that readily stick to human and beast, it is hard to envision that the early (i.e., 1800s) botanical explorers did not encounter this species. <br><br>Differing in several bristle characters from Cenchrus spinifex; see FNA.
5406	2009-05-20 08:27:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	139320	Cenchrus spinifex	Cenchrus longispinus	species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	Reported in WA & OR by FNA, often confused with Cenchrus longispinus.<br><br>FNA25: "Cenchrus spinifex is common in sandy woods, fields, and waste places throughout the southern United States and southwards into South America. It may be more widespread than shown in the northern portion of the contiguous United States because it has often been confused with C. tribuloides. Cenchrus spinifex differs from C. tribuloides in its glabrous or less densely pubescent fascicles, narrower inner bristles, and larger number of bristles. It has also been confused with C. longispinus, but differs in having shorter spikelets, fewer bristles overall, wider inner bristles, and outer bristles that are usually flattened rather than usually terete."
5407	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140054	Cinna		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5408	2023-11-30 13:55:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140071	Cinna latifolia		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Cinna latifolia is a circumboreal species, extending from Norway to the Kamchatka peninsula in Russia, and from Alaska to Newfoundland. It grows in moist to wet soil in open coniferous or mixed forests, swamps, thickets, bogs, and streamsides, at 0-2600 m. It flowers in late summer and fall. Cinna latifolia differs from C. arundinacea in its 1 (rarely 3)-veined upper glumes and its smaller spikelets. A collection from the Aleutian Islands had abnormally large (to 5.5 mm) and often 2-flowered spikelets (Brandenburg et al. 1991). Cinna latifolia is a variable species for which varietal names have been proposed; because the variation is continuous, no varieties are recognized in this treatment."
5409	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140098	Coix		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5410	2023-11-26 10:45:25		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140107	Coix lacryma-jobi		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from tropical Asia		{"Herbarium":"WS"}	Reported from WA in FNA., but known from a single specimen from Suksdorf\'s garden. Considered excluded until further evidence is found for including it in the flora. <br><br>FNA25: "Coix lacryma-jobi is a tall, maize-like plant. In North America, it is usually grown as an ornamental, but it has become established at scattered locations in the Flora region. The involucres, which can be used as beads, may be white, blue, pink, straw, gray, brown, or black, with the color being distributed evenly, irregularly, or in stripes. Cultivars with easily removed involucres are grown for food and beverage, especially in Asia."
5411	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140133	Coleanthus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N?	Native?			
5412	2023-11-30 13:59:29		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140138	Coleanthus subtilis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N?	Native?	Occurring in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WS"}	FNA24: "Coleanthus subtilis is an ephemeral pioneer species of wet, open habitats. It grows on wet, muddy to sandy, calcium-deficient soils on the shores of lakes, sandbars, and islands. In the Flora region, it is known from the Columbia River, and around Hatzic, Arrow and Shuswap lakes in British Columbia. It also grows in Europe, Russia, and China. Throughout its range, C. subtilis is known from relatively few, scattered locations. It is easily overlooked because of its diminutive size, and because it flowers in early spring or late fall. It is not clear whether it is native or introduced in the Flora region."
5413	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140237	Cortaderia		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5414	2023-11-30 14:04:50		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140274	Cortaderia jubata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from northern South America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Recently collected as an escape from cultivation in King & Snohomish Cos.<br><br>FNA25: "Cortaderia jubata is found on the west coast of the coterminus United States, growing in disturbed, open ground such as brushy slopes, eroded banks and cliffs, road cuts, cut-over timber areas, and sand dunes. It is native to mountainous areas of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. It was grown in the past as an ornamental because of its attractive panicles, but is now a serious weed in California, reproducing apomictically and invading many open habitats. It was mistakenly called Cortaderia rudiuscula Stapf by Hitchcock (1951). The florets of C. rudiuscula differ from those of C. jubata in being longer and narrower, having shorter, less hairy calluses, and in having no hairs that extend beyond the top of the palea. Cortaderia rudiuscula is not known from North America."
5415	2023-11-30 14:08:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140316	Cortaderia selloana		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from central South America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Recently collected as an escape from cultivation in King & Snohomish Cos.<br><br>FNA25: "Cortaderia selloana is native to central South America. It is cultivated as an ornamental in the warmer parts of North America. It was thought that it would not become a weed problem because most plants sold as ornamentals are unisexual, but it is now considered an aggressive weed in California and Bendigo, Australia. The weedy Australian plants are bisexual (Walsh 1994)."
5416	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140332	Corynephorus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5417	2023-11-30 14:33:31		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140338	Corynephorus canescens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Corynephorus canescens is native to Europe. It grows on coastal sand dunes and inland on sandy soils, as well as in disturbed areas such as waste ground and ballast dumps. It has been recorded from scattered locations in North America, but its current status in these locations is not known. Douglas et al. (1994) reported that it no longer occurred in British Columbia, but it was later found near the original collection site (Lomer 94-256; UBC 209521)."
5418	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140349	Crypsis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5419	2023-12-02 09:00:41		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140354	Crypsis alopecuroides		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from n. Africa and Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Crypsis alopecuroides is common to abundant in sandy soils around drying lake margins in Oregon and southern Washington, and within the last forty years has become widespread in northern California; it is also known from several other western states. It was first collected in the Western Hemisphere in the late 1800s from shipyard areas in and around Philadelphia, but has not been collected in the eastern United States since. In the Eastern Hemisphere, it extends from France and northern Africa to the Urals and Iraq."
5420	2023-12-02 09:07:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140367	Crypsis vaginiflora		species		Y	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from the western Mediterranean	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington in the Grant County area;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Several recent (2008, 2016, 2021) collections show it to be well established around the Potholes Reservoir in Grant County.<br><br>FNA25: "Crypsis vaginiflora is common to abundant in clay or sandy clay soil in California, where it was first introduced in the late 1800s. It has since been found at a few locations in Washington, Idaho, and Nevada, and will probably spread to additional sites with suitable habitat in the future. It is native to Egypt and southwestern Asia."
5421	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140499	Cynodon		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5422	2023-12-02 09:20:34		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140513	Cynodon dactylon		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: " The most commonly encountered variety, both in the Flora region and in other parts of the world, is C. dactylon var. dactylon, largely because it thrives in severely disturbed, exposed sites; it does not invade natural grasslands or forests. Determining how many other varieties are established in the Flora region is almost impossible, because there has been no global study of variation in the species. The presence of numerous cultivars complicates an already difficult problem. The two varieties keyed out below are the only two that grow in the Flora region according to de Wet and Harlan (1970), but these authors do not appear to have considered the taxa recognized by Caro and Sánchez (1969). For most purposes, it is probably neither necessary nor feasible to identify the variety of C. dactylon encountered."
5423	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140585	Cynosurus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5424	2023-11-30 18:43:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140588	Cynosurus cristatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Cynosurus cristatus is a European native that is now established in North America. It grows in a wide range of soils in dry or damp habitats. In Europe it is used for fodder and pasture, especially for sheep, but in North America it is regarded as a weedy species. It is self-incompatible."
5425	2023-05-06 08:41:29		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140590	Cynosurus echinatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Cynosurus echinatusis native to southern Europe. It is now established in dry, open habitats in North America, South America, and Australia."
5426	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140601	Dactylis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5427	2023-12-02 18:20:06		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140607	Dactylis glomerata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia and northern Africa	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Dactylis glomerata grows in pastures, meadows, fence rows, roadsides, and similar habitats throughout North America. Native to Eurasia and Africa, it has been introduced throughout most of the cool-temperate regions of the world as a forage grass. It provides nutritious forage that is relished by all livestock, as well as by deer, geese, and rabbits. When abundant, the pollen can be a major contributor to hay fever.<br><br>The species includes both diploid and tetraploid populations. Although several infraspecific taxa have been described, based generally on the size of the stomata and pollen, variation in pubescence, and panicle features, formal taxonomic recognition does not seem warranted. Numerous cultivars have been developed for agricultural use."
5428	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140675	Danthonia		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5429	2023-12-02 18:24:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140686	Danthonia californica		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Danthonia californica grows in prairies, meadows, and open woods. It has a disjunct distribution, one portion of its range being located in western North America, the other in Chile. An introduced population has been found at Mansfield, Massachusetts.<br><br>Plants with pilose foliage have been called D. californica var. americana (Scribn.) Hitchc. and plants with sparsely pilose lemma backs D. californica var. macounii Hitchc., but the variation does not appear to be taxonomically significant."
5430	2023-04-08 19:22:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140718	Danthonia decumbens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in southwestern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Danthonia decumbens grows throughout most of Europe, the Caucasus, and northern Turkey, and is now established on the west and east coasts of North America. It grows in heath lands, sandy or rocky meadows, clearings, and sometimes along roadsides. The species is sometimes placed in the monotypic genus Sieglingia, as Sieglingia decumbens (L.) Bernh."
5431	2023-12-02 18:29:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140733	Danthonia intermedia		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Danthonia intermedia grows in boreal and alpine meadows, open woods, and on rocky slopes and northern plains. Its range extends from Kamchatka, Russia, to North America, south along the cordillera, and east, through boreal and alpine regions, to Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador. Its primarily cleistogamous reproduction has probably facilitated its establishment and spread through more boreal and alpine habitats than other members of the genus.<br><br>Tzvelev (1976) treats the American plants as Danthonia intermedia Vasey subsp. intermedia and the Russian plants, which have 2n = 18, as Danthonia intermedia subsp. riabuschinskii (Kom.) Tzvelev."
5432	2023-12-02 18:52:12		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140780	Danthonia spicata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Danthonia spicata grows in dry rocky, sandy, or mineral soils, generally in open sunny places. Its range includes most of boreal and temperate North America and extends south into northeastern Mexico.<br><br>Phenotypically, Danthonia spicata is quite variable, expressing different growth forms under different conditions (Dore and McNeill 1980; Darbyshire and Cayouette 1989). Slow clonal growth, extensive cleistogamy, and limited dispersal contribute to the establishment of morphologically uniform populations, some of which have been given scientific names. For instance, D. spicata var. pinetorum Piper is sometimes applied to depauperate plants and D allenii Austin misapplied to more robust or second growth plants (Dore and McNeill 1980).<br><br>Plants of shady or moist habitats often lack the distinctive curled or twisted blades usually found on plants growing in open habits. Such plants, which tend to have smaller spikelets and pilose foliage, have been called D. spicata var. longipila Scribn. & Merr. The terminal inflorescence is usually primarily cleistogamous, but plants with chasmogamous inflorescences are found throughout the range of the species. Chasmogamous plants differ in having divergent inflorescence branches at anthesis, larger anthers, and well-developed lodicules."
5433	2023-12-02 18:55:55		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140796	Danthonia unispicata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Authority follows FNA, though TROPICOS indicates that this name under the authorship used here is illegitimately published.<br><br>FNA25: "Danthonia unispicata is restricted to western North America, where it grows in prairies and meadows, on rocky slopes, and in dry openings up to timberline in the mountains. It differs from D. californica in its shorter stature, usually densely pilose foliage, short, erect pedicels, and the usually erect cauline leaf blades. It is closely related to D. californica, and some authors prefer to treat it as Danthonia californica var. unispicata Thurb."
5434	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140850	Deschampsia	Vahlodea	genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5435	2021-02-26 07:34:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	140922	Deschampsia cespitosa		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Widely distributed on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;		
5436	2023-06-17 18:56:59		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	141017	Deschampsia danthonioides		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Deschampsia danthonioides grows in temperate and cool-temperate regions, usually in open, wet to dry habitats and often in disturbed ground. Its primary range extends from southern British Columbia, through Washington and Idaho, to Baja California, Mexico. It also grows, as a disjunct, in Chile and Argentina."
5437	2023-06-17 18:51:42		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	141029	Deschampsia elongata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Deschampsia elongata grows in moist to wet habitats, from near sea level to alpine elevations, from Alaska and the Yukon south to northern Mexico and east to Montana, Wyoming, and Arizona. It also grows, as a disjunct, in Chile. The records from Maine and Colorado probably represent introductions."
5438	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	141131	Dichanthelium		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5439	2023-12-02 21:02:57		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	141169	Dichanthelium acuminatum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5440	2023-12-02 21:07:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	141275	Dichanthelium acuminatum ssp. fasciculatum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Dichanthelium acuminatum subsp. fasciculatum grows primarily in disturbed areas, open or cut-over woods, thickets, and grasslands, in dry to moist soils, including river banks, lake margins, and marshy areas. It is widespread in temperate North America, growing from Canada to Mexico, but it is somewhat less common in the western part of its range, where it often occurs on moister areas.<br><br>Dichanthelium acuminatum subsp. fasciculatum includes probably the most widespread, ubiquitous, and variable assemblages of forms in the species. It is not always clearly separable from the other subspecies of D. acuminatum, especially subsp. acuminatum, subsp. implicatum, and subsp. lindheimeri. Gene exchange with other Dichanthelium species (including D. dichotomum, D. laxiflorum, D. ovale, D. commutatum, and D. boreale) probably occurs not infrequently."
5441	2021-03-16 20:46:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	141667	Dichanthelium oligosanthes		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5442	2023-12-03 09:21:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	141677	Dichanthelium oligosanthes ssp. scribnerianum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Taxonomy follows FNA, but the genus Dichanthelium is only weakly distinguished from the genus Panicum, and is probably best included in it.<br><br>FNA25: "Dichanthelium oligosanthes subsp. scribnerianum grows in sandy or clayey banks and prairies. Its range extends from southern British Columbia to the east coast of the United States, and south into northern Mexico. It is the most widespread of the two varieties."
5443	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	141982	Digitaria		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5444	2023-12-03 09:31:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142298	Digitaria ischaemum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Digitaria ischaemum is a Eurasian weed that is now common in lawns, gardens, fields, and waste ground in warm-temperate regions throughout the world, including much of the Flora region. Larger plants with 5-7 inflorescence branches 8-15 cm long have been called D. ischaemum var. mississippiensis (Gatt.) Fernald, but they intergrade with more typical plants, and so do not merit taxonomic recognition."
5445	2023-12-03 09:34:35		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142452	Digitaria sanguinalis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Digitaria sanguinalis is a weedy Eurasian species that is now found in waste ground of fields, gardens, and lawns throughout much of the world, including the Flora region."
5446	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142585	Diplachne		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5447	2018-05-02 22:04:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142588	Diplachne fusca		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5448	2025-10-06 12:54:56		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142605	Diplachne fusca ssp. fascicularis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis extends from southern British Columbia and Ontario to Argentina, although it has not yet been reported from Georgia. Coastal populations from Massachusetts to Florida with long lemma awns have been called L. fascicularis var. maritima (E.P. Bicknell) Gleason. They do not merit taxonomic recognition because long awns and salinity tolerance are common throughout the species.<br><br>Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis differs from L. viscida, which grows in the same region, in its longer panicles, frequently unawned or mucronate lemmas, and whitish florets."
5449	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142705	Distichlis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5450	2023-12-03 09:40:04		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142760	Distichlis spicata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA 25: "Distichlis spicata grows in saline soils of the Western Hemisphere and Australia. Numerous infraspecific taxa have been recognized in the past, but none appears to be justified. Recent North American accounts of Distichlis have usually recognized plants from maritime coasts as distinct from those growing inland, supposedly having more congested inflorescences, but the range of variation is similar in the two habitats."
5451	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142858	Echinochloa		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5452	2023-12-03 09:37:42		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142862	Echinochloa colona		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from the tropics		{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	Reported from WA in FNA, but no specimens seen. <br><br>FNA25: "Echinochloa colona is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. It is adventive and weedy in North America, growing in low-lying, damp to wet, disturbed areas, including rice fields. The unbranched, rather widely-spaced panicle branches make this one of the easier species of Echinochloa to recognize.<br><br>Hitchcock (1913) considered that colonum was a non-declining contraction, but dictionaries of Linnaeus\' time treated it as a declining adjective. Because Linnaeus was the first to name the species (as Panicum colonum), it seems best to follow the practice considered correct in his day; hence E. colona. (See also Nicolson 1986.)"
5453	2023-12-03 10:05:36		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142892	Echinochloa crus-galli	Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya	species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Echinochloa crus-galli is a Eurasian species that is now widely established in the Flora region, where it grows in moist, disturbed sites, including rice fields. Some North American taxonomists have interpreted Echinochloa crus-galli much more widely; others treat it as here, but recognize several infraspecific taxa based on such characters as trichome length and abundance, and awn length. There are several ecological and physiological ecotypes within the species, but the correlation between most of these and the species morphological variation has not been established, so no infraspecific taxa are recognized here."
5454	2023-12-03 10:07:20		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142944	Echinochloa crus-pavonis		species		N	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Either historic populations no longer exist or the original specimens were incorrectly identified.
5455	2023-12-03 10:10:19		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	142959	Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. crus-pavonis		infraspecies		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Reported for WA in FNA. <br><br>FNA25: "Echinochloa crus-pavonis is a native species found in scattered locations from British Columbia to Arizona, east to Florida, and south into South America. It favors marshes and wet places at lower elevations, often being found in the water....Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. macera extends south only as far as northern Mexico."
5456	2023-12-03 10:14:49		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143018	Echinochloa muricata		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N?	Native?	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5457	2023-12-03 10:18:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143026	Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya is the common variety in the western part of North America, extending east to the Missouri River and the Texas panhandle."
5458	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143165	Eleusine		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5459	2023-12-03 10:21:27		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143196	Eleusine indica		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from Africa		{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	Reported in FNA for WA but no specimens seen.<br><br>FNA25: "Eleusine indica is a common weed in the warmer regions of the world. In the Flora region, it usually grows in disturbed areas and lawns, and has been found in most states of the contiguous United States."
5460	2023-12-03 10:20:15		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143214	Eleusine tristachya		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			No specimens from WA outside of a cultivated setting.
5461	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143328	Elyhordeum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5462	2009-05-26 09:04:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143359	Elyhordeum macounii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	"These have been shown to be sterile hybrids of sporadic occurrence, in this case mostly of Agropyron trachycaulum (A.  caninum) and Hordeum jubatum parentage" [H&C].<br><br>FNA24: "xElyhordeum macounii consists of hybrids between Elymus trachycaulus and Hordeum jubatum.  It is quite common in western and central North America.  Backcrosses to E. trachycaulus may have  non-disarticulating rachises; they are likely to be identified as E. trachycaulus, falling between subsp. trachycaulus and subsp. subsecundus.  Artificial, partially fertile octoploids were distributed to natural and experimental areas in several western states prior to 1960 (Bowden 1960); it is not known whether they have persisted."
5463	2023-12-03 19:30:20		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143375	Elyhordeum stebbinsianum		species	named	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA24 map shows record from Klickitat County.<br><br>FNA24: "xElyhordeum stebbinsianum consists of hybrids between Elymus glaucus and Hordeum brachyantherum.  Bowden (1985) reported that they appear to be completely sterile.  They have been found at scattered locations in western North America."
5464	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143381	Elyleymus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5465	2007-12-31 16:33:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143384	Elyleymus aristatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	The range map from FNA24 does not include WA within the range of this taxon.  Until proven otherwise, this species should be considered excluded from the WA flora.<br><br>FNA24: "Dewey and Holmgren (1962) argued that xElyleymus aristatus comprises hybrids between Elymus elymoides and Leymus cinereus or L. triticoides.  It has been found at many locations where the parents are sympatric."
5466	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143428	Elymus	Leymus, Taeniatherum	genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5467	2023-12-04 05:59:47		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143492	Elymus albicans		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA24: "Elymus albicans grows primarily in the central Rocky Mountains and the western portion of the Great Plains. It tends to grow in shallow, rocky soils on wooded or sagebrush-covered slopes, rather than in deep loams. It is derived from hybrids between Pseudoroegneria spicata and E. lanceolatus. In practice, it is probably restricted to hybrids involving the awned variant of Pseudoroegneria spicata, because the hybrid origin of those involving the unawned variant would probably not be recognized.<br><br>Populations of E. albicans differ in their reproductive abilities (Dewey 1970). In some, most plants yield good seed; in others, most plants are sterile. Some of the fertile populations appear to be self-perpetuating; others appear to consist of recent hybrids and some backcrosses. Although treated here as a species, E. albicans could equally well be treated as a hybrid, Elymus ×albicans. Plants with glabrous lemmas, presumed to be derived from crosses with glabrous individuals of E. lanceolatus, have sometimes been treated as a distinct taxon, e.g., Agropyron albicans var. griffithsii (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Beetle or A. griffithsii Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; they are not formally recognized here."
5468	2009-06-01 08:22:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143544	Elymus bakeri		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	Occurrence in Washington questioned - source of occurrence unknown.  FNA 24 does not show this species occurring in Washington.
5469	2020-04-19 09:19:15		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143547	Elymus canadensis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5470	2020-04-19 09:22:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143564	Elymus canadensis var. canadensis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus canadensis var. canadensis is widespread across the northern range of the species, where anthesis is from late June to August, but it is also frequent as far south as Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Tentatively included here are E. canadensis var. glaucifolius (Muhl.) Torr., which is strongly glaucous, with scabrous blades and hirsute or scabrous lemmas; plus E. canadensis var. villosus Bates, which has villous leaves and occurs rarely in the northern Great Plains."
5471	2009-06-01 08:37:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143582	Elymus caninus	Elymus tsukushiensis	species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N				{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus caninus is native to Eurasia; it is not known to be established in the Flora region. A.S. Hitchcock (1935, 1951) reported that it had been collected on ballast dumps in Portland, Oregon, but the specimens concerned belong to E. ciliaris and E. tsukushiensis. Elymus caninus differs from E. ciliaris and E. tsukushiensis in having flatter glumes that are longer in relation to the lemmas, and palea keels that are straight or almost straight below the apices. Recent reports of its occurrence in the region reflect C.L. Hitchcock et al.'s (1969) treatment, in which E. caninus and E. trachycaulus were treated as conspecific subspecies. Because E. caninus is the older name, it is the correct name to use at the specific rank under such a treatment.<br><br>The hairs on the inside of the glumes are difficult to see. Nevertheless, this is the single most reliable morphological character for distinguishing Elymus caninus from all other species of Elymus in this treatment. Elymus caninus is most likely to be confused with awned plants of E. trachycaulus. The two species also differ in their molecular characteristics, and in at least one chromosome interchange (Sun et al. 1998)."
5472	2023-12-04 06:57:56		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143595	Elymus curvatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in northeastern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA24: "Elymus curvatus grows in moist or damp soils of open forests, thickets, grasslands, ditches, and disturbed ground, especially on bottomland. It is widespread from British Columbia and Washington, through the Intermountain region and northern Rockies, to the northern Great Plains. It is infrequent or rare in the midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the northeast, and is virtually unknown in the southeast. It is similar to Elymus virginicus, and has sometimes been included in that species as E. virginicus var. submuticus Hook., but it is more distinct than the varieties of E. virginicus treated above. Although E. virginicus and E. curvatus overlap greatly in range, E. curvatus usually has a distinct growth form, and its anthesis is 1–2 weeks later (Brooks 1974). Its spikes range from being completely exserted, especially west of the Great Plains, to largely sheathed, especially east of the Mississippi River and in more stressed environments. This geographic trend parallels that within E. virginicus, but sheathed plants of E. curvatus can usually be distinguished by their short awns. Clear transitions to E. virginicus, usually var. jejunus, are rare, but, especially from Missouri to Wisconsin, there are occasional plants with 5–10 mm awns on a few lemmas, especially at the spike tips. Rarely, plants from Missouri and Iowa to Quebec have hispid to hirsute spikelets, suggesting introgression with E. virginicus var. intermedius. There are few records of apparent hybrids with other species."
5473	2023-12-04 18:14:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143616	Elymus elymoides		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5474	2023-12-04 18:19:07		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143646	Elymus elymoides ssp. brevifolius		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Cascades and Olympic Mountains in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5475	2023-12-04 18:25:39		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143656	Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus elymoides subsp. elymoides grows in desert and shrub-steppe areas of western North America, extending to the western edge of the Great Plains and, as an adventive, occasionally further east. It is frequently associated with disturbed sites."
5476	2023-12-04 18:41:22		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143657	Elymus elymoides ssp. hordeoides		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus elymoides subsp. hordeoides grows in dry, rocky, often shallow soils, particularly in Artemisia rigida–Poa secunda communities, from eastern Washington and Idaho to northern California and Nevada. It resembles some Elymus–Hordeum hybrids."
5477	2023-12-04 18:46:39		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143677	Elymus glaucus		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5478	2023-12-05 05:02:51		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143692	Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus glaucus subsp. glaucus grows throughout the range of the species, from sea level to 2500 m. It is absent from the area where E. glaucus subsp. mackenzii grows. It resembles E. hirsutus, differing in its erect spikes and in the pattern of its lemma pubescence. It also resembles the introduced E. dahuricus, from which it differs in its palea shape.Elymus glaucus subsp. glaucus grows throughout the range of the species, from sea level to 2500 m. It is absent from the area where E. glaucus subsp. mackenzii grows. It resembles E. hirsutus, differing in its erect spikes and in the pattern of its lemma pubescence. It also resembles the introduced E. dahuricus, from which it differs in its palea shape."
5479	2023-12-05 09:34:04		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143702	Elymus glaucus ssp. virescens		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus glaucus subsp. virescens generally grows in relatively dry or rocky soils along cliffs, bluffs, slopes, shores, and river banks, and in coniferous forests, chaparral, and other woodlands along the coast from Alaska to central California, at elevations from sea level to 1200 m."
5480	2009-06-02 08:36:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143712	Elymus hansenii		species	Named	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus ×hansenii refers to hybrids between E. glaucus and either E. elymoides or E. multisetus. It is not clear which of the latter two species is involved. It is a fairly common hybrid in those parts of western North America where both parents grow. The glumes of the type specimen are as wide as those in E. glaucus, and some are divided longitudinally, as in E. elymoides and E. multisetus. As in other hybrids involving E. elymoides and E. multisetus, the rachis of E. ×hansenii disarticulates at maturity."
5481	2023-12-05 09:37:57		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143725	Elymus hirsutus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus hirsutus grows in moist to damp or dry soils in woods, thickets, and grasslands. Its range extends along the coastal mountains from the Aleutian Islands to northern Oregon, and inland to eastern British Columbia. Plants in the southern part of the range tend to have villous leaves and more erect spikes with shorter, straighter awns.<br><br>Elymus hirsutus is similar to E. glaucus, but its more pendent spikes, lemma pubescence pattern, and shorter glumes enable most specimens to be readily identified. Intermediates do exist; it is not known whether they reflect introgression or extremes of variation. It also forms occasional hybrids with Leymus mollis and Hordeum brachyantherum."
5482	2023-12-05 09:44:35		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143758	Elymus lanceolatus		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5483	2009-06-02 08:31:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143768	Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus lanceolatus subsp. lanceolatus grows in clay, sand, loam, and rocky soils, and is widely distributed in the western Flora region. It is most likely to be confused with the octoploid Pascopyrum smithii; it differs morphologically from that species in having more evenly distributed leaves and acute glumes that tend to taper from midlength or higher, rather than acuminate glumes that tend to taper from below midlength. In addition, the midvein of the glumes of E. lanceolatus is straight, whereas that of Pascopyrum smithii "leans" to the side distally."
5484	2023-12-05 09:49:53		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143780	Elymus lanceolatus ssp. psammophilus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in south-central and southeastern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus lanceolatus subsp. psammophilus tends to grow in sandy soils. It was originally described from around the Great Lakes, but plants with similar vestiture have been found scattered throughout the western range of the species, almost always in association with sandy soils. Those from the Yukon and northern British Columbia tend to be shorter and have smaller spikelets and spikelet parts than those from Washington and Saskatoon, but there is considerable overlap in these characters. Plants from around the Great Lakes (Gillett and Senn 1960) were almost completely pollen sterile. Despite this, Gillett and Senn rejected the notion that they were hybrids."
5485	2023-12-05 09:55:25		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143786	Elymus lanceolatus ssp. riparius		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5486	2023-12-05 20:15:53		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143871	Elymus multisetus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus multisetus grows in dry, often rocky, open woods and thickets on slopes and plains, from central Washington and Idaho to southern California, Colorado, and northwestern Arizona, and from sea level to 2000 m. It has also been reported from Baja California, Mexico. It usually grows in less arid habitats than E. elymoides subsp. elymoides, but the two taxa are sometimes sympatric.<br><br>Wilson (1963) reported a wide belt of introgression between E. multisetus and E. elymoides subsp. elymoides from southeastern California to southern Nevada, but not in other areas where they are sympatric. There are also probable hybrids with Elymus glaucus and Pseudoroegneria spicata."
5488	2023-12-05 20:19:45		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143930	Elymus repens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus repens is native to Eurasia; it is now established through much of the Flora region, extending from Alaska to Greenland and south to California, Texas, and North Carolina. It grows well in disturbed sites, spreading rapidly via its long rhizomes, as well as by seed. It is also drought tolerant. Although it is listed a noxious weed in several states, it provides good forage. It differs from E. hoffmannii in having widely spaced, unequally prominent leaf veins and, usually, shorter awns.<br><br>Godley (1947) demonstrated that lemma awn development, glaucousness, and the pubescence of the rachises are each effectively controlled by single genes. Long-awned plants are homozygous recessive, and awn-tipped plants homozygous dominant; glaucousness is dominant over non-glaucousness, and glabrous rachises over pubescent rachises. Awned plants appear to be established along the coasts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. They have generally been identified as Agropyron pungens (Pers.) Roem. & Schult., a species that has obtuse, mucronate lemmas.<br><br>Elymus repens is almost always a hexaploid. Most studies indicate that its genomic constitution is StStH, but Mason-Gamer (2001) demonstrated that it is genetically more complex than is implied by such a simple formula."
5489	2023-12-05 20:25:06		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	143991	Elymus scribneri		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Cascades Range in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus scribneri grows in rocky areas in open subalpine and alpine regions, at 2500–3200 m, often in windswept locations, in southwestern Alberta and the western United States. It is often confused with E. elymoides, but differs from that species in having only one spikelet per node, wider glumes, and more tardily disarticulating rachises. It also resembles E. sierrae, from which it differs in its disarticulating rachises, denser spikes, and shorter anthers.<br><br>Several taxonomists have suggested that Elymus scribneri consists of fertile hybrids between E. violaceus and E. elymoides. This suggestion is supported by the frequency with which the three taxa are sympatric, the morphological variation exhibited by E. scribneri, and cytogenetic data (Dewey 1967)."
5491	2023-12-06 07:49:56		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144035	Elymus trachycaulus		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5492	2023-12-06 07:54:43		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144130	Elymus trachycaulus ssp. trachycaulus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus trachycaulus subsp. trachycaulus grows throughout the habitat and range of the species, and exhibits considerably more variation than subsp. subsecundus. Two aspects of the variation that seem particularly worthy of further study are the glume venation, and the spacing of spikelets in the spikes. Plants with glumes having 5–7 well-developed, narrowly spaced veins are restricted to lower elevations and the southern portion of the subspecies range; northern plants and plants at higher elevations generally have 3–5 weakly developed and widely spaced veins. The former glumes resemble those of E. glaucus, with which E. trachycaulus subsp. trachycaulus is often sympatric; the latter, those of E. violaceus. Spikelet spacing also varies considerably. In at least some instances, plants with widely spaced spikelets appear to be associated with more shady habitats."
5493	2023-12-05 20:29:59		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144173	Elymus violaceus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus violaceus grows in arctic, subalpine, and alpine habitats, on calcareous or dolomitic rocks, from Alaska through arctic Canada to Greenland, and south in the Rocky Mountains to southern New Mexico. In western North America, it forms intermediates with E. scribneri, E. trachycaulus, and E. alaskanus. It is treated here as including E. alaskanus subsp. latiglumis [≡ Agropyron latiglume], E. alaskanus being restricted to plants with relatively short glumes that are often found in valleys and at lower elevations than E. violaceus. Western plants of E. violaceous tend to be more glaucous, have shorter spikes and spikelets, and more obovate glumes than plants from Greenland but, until more is known about the extent and genetic basis of the variation in and among E. violaceus, E. alaskanus, and E. trachycaulus, formal taxonomic recognition seems inappropriate."
5494	2023-12-06 05:49:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144213	Elymus wawawaiensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Elymus wawawaiensis grows primarily in shallow, rocky soils of slopes in coulees and reaches of the Salmon, Snake, and Yakima rivers of Washington, northern Oregon, and Idaho. There are also a few records from localities at some distance from the Snake River and its tributaries. These probably reflect deliberate introductions. C.V. Piper, who worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture in southeastern Washington from 1892–1902, frequently distributed seed from populations that he considered superior to farmers in the region; he considered E. wawawaiensis to be a superior form of what is here called Pseudoroegneria spicata. Another source of introduced populations is "˜Secar\', a cultivar of E. wawawaiensis that is recommended as a forage grass for arid areas of the northwestern United States.<br><br>Elymus wawawaiensis resembles a vigorous version of Pseudoroegneria spicata, and was long confused with that species. It differs in its more imbricate spikelets and narrower, stiff glumes. In its primary range, E. wawawaiensis is often sympatric with P. spicata, but the two tend to grow in different habitats, E. wawawaiensis growing in shallow, rocky soils and P. spicata in medium- to fine-textured loess soil. The two species also differ cytologically, E. wawawaiensis being an allotetraploid, and P. spicata consisting of diploids and autotetraploids."
5495	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144298	Eragrostis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5496	2023-12-06 14:56:41		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144390	Eragrostis cilianensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Eragrostis cilianensis is an introduced European species that now grows in disturbed sites such as pastures and roadsides, at 0-2300 m, through most of the contiguous United States and southern Canada. The English name refers to the odor of fresh plants."
5497	2023-12-06 15:00:13		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144455	Eragrostis curvula		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from southern Africa	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest and in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Eragrostis curvula is native to southern Africa. It is often used for reclamation because it provides good ground cover but, once introduced, it easily escapes. In the Flora region, it grows on rocky slopes, at the margins of woods, along roadsides, and in waste ground, at 20-2400 m, usually in pine-oak woodlands, and yellow pine and mixed hardwood forests."
5498	2023-12-06 15:04:04		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144519	Eragrostis hypnoides		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington and in the Columbia River Gorge.	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Eragrostis hypnoides grows along muddy or sandy shores of lakes and rivers and in moist, disturbed sites, at 10-1600 m. It is native to the Americas, extending from southern Canada to Argentina."
5499	2023-12-07 16:19:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144596	Eragrostis lutescens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	B	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Eragrostis lutescens grows on the sandy banks of streams and lakes and in moist alkaline flats of the western United States at 300-2000 m. It has not been reported from Mexico."
5500	2023-12-09 09:55:05		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144627	Eragrostis mexicana		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from southwestern U.S.	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Eragrostis mexicana grows along roadsides, near cultivated fields, and in disturbed open areas, at 100-3000 m. It is native to the Americas, its native range extending from the southwestern United States through Mexico, Central and northern South America, to Argentina. Within the Flora region, it has been introduced beyond its native range, often becoming an established part of the flora.<br><br>Eragrostis mexicana subsp. virescens has a disjunct distribution, growing in California and western Nevada and, in South America, from Ecuador to Chile, southern Brazil, and northern Argentina. It has also been found, as an introduction, at various other locations in North America, including eastern North America."
5501	2023-12-09 10:00:02		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144637	Eragrostis mexicana ssp. virescens		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from southwestern United States	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Eragrostis mexicana subsp. virescens has a disjunct distribution, growing in California and western Nevada and, in South America, from Ecuador to Chile, southern Brazil, and northern Argentina. It has also been found, as an introduction, at various other locations in North America, including eastern North America."
5502	2023-12-09 10:03:44		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144647	Eragrostis minor		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Eragrostis minor is a European species that now grows in gravelly roadsides and disturbed sites, especially near railroad yards, at 20-1600 m in southern Canada and the contiguous United States."
5503	2023-12-09 10:08:51		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144712	Eragrostis pectinacea		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5504	2023-12-09 10:36:30		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144736	Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA:25 "Eragrostis pectinacea is native from southern Canada to Argentina. In the Flora region, it grows in disturbed sites such as roadsides, railroad embankments, gardens, and cultivated fields, at 0-1200 m.<br><br>Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea grows throughout the range of the species, including most of the contiguous United States. Within the Flora  region, it is most common in the eastern states and usually flowers from July-November."
5505	2023-12-09 10:48:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144762	Eragrostis pilosa		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5506	2023-12-09 10:50:07		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	144778	Eragrostis pilosa var. pilosa		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA25: "Eragrostis pilosa is native to Eurasia but has become naturalized in many parts of the world. In the Flora region, it grows in forest margins and disturbed sites such as roadsides, railroad embankments, gardens, and cultivated fields, at 0-2500 m.<br><br>Eragrostis pilosa var. pilosa is more common than var. perplexa in the Flora region."
5507	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145003	Eremopyrum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5508	2023-05-06 08:43:55		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145035	Eremopyrum triticeum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced	Occurring in scattered locations east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Eremopyrum triticeum is known primarily from scattered disturbed sites in western North America, from southern Canada to Arizona and New Mexico. Like most weeds, it is probably more widely distributed than herbarium records indicate. It is tolerant of alkaline soils, and is summer-dormant."
5509	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145364	Festuca	Schedonorus, Vulpia	genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5510	2023-12-09 21:02:25		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145431	Festuca brachyphylla		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU","Collector":"Giblin","CollectorNumber":"641"}	FNA24: "Festuca brachyphylla is a variable, circumpolar, arctic, alpine, and boreal species of open, rocky places. It is palatable to livestock, and is important in some areas as forage for wildlife. The spikelets are usually tinged red to purple by anthocyanin pigments; plants which lack anthocyanins in the spikelets have been named F. brachyphylla f. flavida Polunin. Festuca brachyphylla has frequently been included in F. ovina (p. 422), and it is closely related to F. saximontana (p. 430), F. hyberborea (p. 432), F. edlundiae (p. 432), F. groenlandica (p. 434), and F. minutiflora (p. 434). It may hybridize with F. baffinensis and/or other species to form F. viviparoidea (p. 436).  Three subspecies have been recognized in North America. Festuca brachyphylla subsp. brachyphylla is circumpolar and primarily arctic, subarctic, and boreal, extending southward in the northern Rocky Mountains. The other two subspecies are restricted to alpine regions in the western mountains."
5511	2023-12-09 21:04:39		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145443	Festuca brachyphylla ssp. brachyphylla		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU","Accession":"N\/A","Collector":"Giblin","CollectorNumber":"641"}	FNA24: "Festuca brachyphylla subsp. brachyphylla is circumpolar in its distribution. In the Flora region, it extends from Alaska to Newfoundland, south in the mountains to Washington in the west and in the high peaks of the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Quebec and New England in the east."
5512	2023-12-09 21:11:16		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145447	Festuca brachyphylla ssp. coloradensis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in northeastern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5513	2023-12-10 07:45:59		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145474	Festuca californica		species		N	Y	N	N	N	N	N	Native			There is no evidence that this species has ever been documented in Washington, though herbarium records are known from just south of the Columbia River.  Until proven otherwise, this species should be considered excluded from the WA flora.
5514	2023-12-10 07:46:19		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145476	Festuca californica ssp. californica		infraspecies		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	Native			There is no evidence that this species has ever been documented in Washington, though herbarium records are known from just south of the Columbia River.  Until proven otherwise, this species should be considered excluded from the WA flora.
5515	2023-12-10 07:51:03		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145490	Festuca campestris		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca campestris is a common species in prairies and montane and subalpine grasslands, at elevations to about 2000 m. Its range extends from southern British Columbia, Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south through Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. It is highly palatable and provides nutritious forage.<br><br>Festuca campestris differs from F. hallii in having larger spikelets, less stiffly erect panicles and, usually, in lacking rhizomes. Where the two are sympatric, F. campestris tends to grow at higher elevations."
5516	2023-12-10 07:55:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145576	Festuca filiformis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca filiformis is a European species that has been introduced to the Flora region as a turf grass. It grows well on poor, dry soils and is becoming a ruderal weed in some areas. It is particularly common in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, but has been reported from scattered locations elsewhere."
5517	2020-07-02 15:53:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145663	Festuca idahoensis	Festuca roemeri	species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca idahoensis grows in grasslands, open forests, and sagebrush meadow communities, mostly east of the Cascade Mountains, from southern British Columbia eastward to southwestern Saskatchewan and southward to central California and New Mexico. It extends up to 3000 m in the southern part of its range. It is often a dominant plant, and provides good forage. The young foliage is particularly palatable.<br><br>Festuca idahoensis differs from F. arizonica, with which it is sometimes confused, in its less prominently ribbed blades and glabrous ovary apices. It has frequently been included in F. ovina."
5518	2023-06-17 08:10:56		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145742	Festuca occidentalis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca occidentalis grows in dry to moist, open woodlands, forest openings, and rocky slopes, up to 3100 m. It extends from southern Alaska and northern British Columbia to southwestern Alberta, south to southern California and eastward to Wyoming, and, as a disjunct, around the upper Great Lakes in Ontario, eastern Wisconsin, and Michigan. It is sometimes important as a forage grass, but is usually not sufficiently abundant."
5519	2023-12-10 08:17:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145760	Festuca ovina	Festuca brachyphylla, Festuca filiformis	species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca ovina was introduced from Europe as a turf grass. It is not presently used in the North American seed trade. The sporadic occurrences are mostly from old lawns and cemeteries, or sites seeded for soil stabilization.<br><br>Festuca ovina used to be interpreted very broadly in North America, including almost any fine-leaved fescue that lacked rhizomes. Consequently, much of the information reported for F. ovina, and many of the specimens identified as such, belong to other species. The only confirmed recent reports are from Ontario (Dore & McNeill 1980); Piatt County, Illinois; and Okanogan County, Washington. Species in this treatment that have frequently been included in F. ovina are F. arizonica, F. auriculata, F. baffinensis, F. brachyphylla, F. brevissima, F. calligera, F. edlundiae, F. frederikseniae, F. hyperborea, F. idahoensis, F. lenensis, F. minutiflora, F. saximontana, F. trachyphylla, and F. viviparoidea."
5520	2023-12-10 08:20:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145870	Festuca roemeri		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	In H&C this species is included within F. idahoensis.<br><br>FNA24: "Festuca roemeri grows in grasslands and open forests, primarily west of the Cascade Mountains, from southeastern Vancouver Island southward to northwestern California."
5521	2023-12-10 08:22:36		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145872	Festuca roemeri var. roemeri		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5522	2023-12-12 21:30:24		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145885	Festuca rubra		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	B	Both native and introduced	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5528	2020-04-01 12:54:52		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145962	Festuca saximontana		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5529	2020-04-01 12:58:36		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145968	Festuca saximontana var. purpusiana		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca saximontana grows in grasslands, meadows, open forests, and sand dune complexes of the northern plains and boreal, montane, and subalpine regions in the Flora region, extending from Alaska to Greenland, south to southern California, northern Arizona, and New Mexico in the west and to the Great Lakes region in the east. It is also reported from the Russian Far East. Festuca saximontana provides good forage for livestock and wildlife. It is closely related to F. brachyphylla, and is sometimes included in that species as F. brachyphylla subsp. saximontana (Rydb.) Hultén. It has also frequently been included in F. ovina.<br><br>Festuca saximontana var. purpusiana grows in subalpine or lower alpine habitats. The distribution of this taxon is poorly known; it probably extends from Alaska south to northern California. It is also reported from the Chukchi Peninsula in eastern Russia (Tzvelev 1976)."
5530	2020-04-01 13:04:33		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	145976	Festuca saximontana var. saximontana		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca saximontana grows in grasslands, meadows, open forests, and sand dune complexes of the northern plains and boreal, montane, and subalpine regions in the Flora region, extending from Alaska to Greenland, south to southern California, northern Arizona, and New Mexico in the west and to the Great Lakes region in the east. It is also reported from the Russian Far East. Festuca saximontana provides good forage for livestock and wildlife. It is closely related to F. brachyphylla, and is sometimes included in that species as F. brachyphylla subsp. saximontana (Rydb.) Hultén. It has also frequently been included in F. ovina.<br><br>Festuca saximontana var. saximontana grows throughout the range of the species."
5531	2023-12-11 16:46:03		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146005	Festuca subulata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: Festuca subulata grows on stream banks and in open woods, meadows, shady forests, and thickets, to about 2800 m. Its range extends from the southern Alaska panhandle eastward to southwestern Alberta and western South Dakota, and southward to central California and Colorado.<br><br>Festuca subulata differs from F. subuliflora in having blunter, glabrous calluses and glabrous, often scabrous or puberulent leaf blades that are obscurely ribbed."
5532	2020-04-01 11:57:27		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146010	Festuca subuliflora		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca subuliflora grows in shady sites in dry to moist forests, usually below 700 m. Its range extends from southwestern British Columbia to central California. Superficially, it resembles F. subulata; it differs in having more elongated and distinctly hairy calluses, and often in having softly pubescent foliage and more strongly ribbed blades."
5533	2023-12-11 18:29:48		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146074	Festuca trachyphylla		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca trachyphylla is native to open forests and forest edge habitats of Europe. It has been introduced and has become naturalized in many temperate regions. In the Flora region, F. trachyphylla is generally sold under the name "˜Hard Fescue\\', and is popular as a durable turf grass and soil stabilizer. It is particularly common in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, but is probably grown throughout the temperate parts of the region. Its naturalized distribution can be expected to expand.<br><br>For many years, Festuca trachyphylla was known, inappropriately, under other names, e.g., F. duriuscula L., F. ovina var. duriuscula (L.) W.D.J. Koch, and F. longifolia Thuill. Some European authors treat it as F. stricta subsp. trachyphylla (Hack.) Patzke. It has frequently been included in F. ovina."
5534	2023-12-12 21:22:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146102	Festuca valesiaca		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca valesiaca is widely distributed through central Europe and northern Asia, where it grows in steppes, dry meadows, and open rocky or sandy areas. It is sold in the North American seed trade as F. pseudovina Hack. ex Wiesb., and has been collected at a few scattered localities in the Flora region, apparently having become established from deliberate seeding.<br><br>The taxonomy of the Festuca valesiaca complex is controversial, with different authors naming morphological variants and polyploid populations within it. No attempt has been made to determine which are present in the Flora region."
5535	2023-12-12 21:17:56		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146116	Festuca viridula		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca viridula grows in low alpine and subalpine meadows, forest openings, and open forests, at (900)1500–3000 m, from southern British Columbia east to Montana and south to central California and Nevada. It is highly palatable to livestock, and is an important forage species in some areas."
5536	2019-01-14 16:32:22		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146135	Festuca washingtonica		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Festuca washingtonica grows in subalpine to low alpine regions of British Columbia and Washington. It has also been reported from Oregon and northern California; these records have not been verified."
5537	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146222	Glyceria		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5538	2023-12-14 11:54:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146233	Glyceria borealis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Glyceria borealis is a widespread native species that grows in the northern portion of the Flora region, extending southward through the western mountains into northern Mexico. It grows along the edges and muddy shores of freshwater streams, lakes, and ponds. In the southern portion of its range, G. borealis is restricted to subalpine and alpine areas. The midcauline leaves of G. borealis almost always have densely papillose upper leaf surfaces. Voss (1972) stated that such surfaces are non-wettable and develop on the floating leaves.<br><br>Glyceria borealis differs from G. notata in having acute lemmas and, usually, densely papillose midcauline leaves."
5539	2023-12-14 12:00:02		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146241	Glyceria canadensis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from central and eastern North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5540	2023-12-14 12:02:35		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146246	Glyceria canadensis var. canadensis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from central and eastern North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Glyceria canadensis is an attractive native species that grows in swamps, bogs, lakeshore marshes, and wet woods throughout much of eastern North America, extending from eastern Saskatchewan to Newfoundland, Illinois, and northeastern Tennessee. It is now established in western North America, having been introduced as a weed in cranberry farms. It forms sterile hybrids with G. striata; the hybrids are called G. ×ottawensis Bowden. For further comments, see the description of Glyceria striata."
5541	2023-12-14 12:07:20		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146254	Glyceria declinata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Glyceria declinata is a European species that is established on the western seaboard of North America from southern British Columbia to southern California, and in northeastern Nevada, Arizona, the lower portion of the Mississippi valley, and on Long Island, New York. In Europe, it grows in low-calcium, acidic soils and tolerates drier conditions than other European species of Glyceria (Conert 1992). In Denmark, it tends to grow in areas that are highly trampled (Niels Jacobsen and Signe Frederiksen, pers. comm.). It is invading vernal pools in California.<br><br>In western North America, G. declinata has been confused with G. ×occidentalis. The most reliable distinguishing characteristics are the lateral lemma lobes of G. declinata and its rather short, straight panicle branches. The two species also differ in their ploidy level, G. declinata being diploid and G. ×occidentalis tetraploid (Church 1949). This is reflected in the length of their guard cells, those of G. declinata being 0.2–0.3 Âµm and those of G. ×occidentalis being 0.4–0.5 Âµm.<br><br>S.F. Hrusa found plants (Hrusa 13681, 15858, 16267; specimens in CDA) that have an annual growth habit. Apart from this, they fit within the circumscription of G. declinata, except that two of the three specimens have narrower (2–3 mm) leaves than normal; they were also collected relatively early in the season. For now, it seems best to include the plants in G. declinata pending a better understanding of their relationship to perennial members of the species."
5542	2023-12-14 12:10:19		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146260	Glyceria elata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Glyceria elata grows in wet meadows and shady moist woods, from British Columbia east to Alberta and south to California and New Mexico. It is not known from Mexico. The anomalous record from Georgia may represent an inadvertent introduction. It is very similar to, and sometimes confused with, G. striata, but the two sometimes grow together and show no evidence of hybridization. Their differences in growth habit and stature are evident in the field. Molecular data (Whipple et al. [in press]) confirm that G. elata and G. striata are distinct, closely related entities.<br><br>Glyceria elata is also sometimes confused with G. grandis. It differs in having rounded glumes with veins that terminate below the apices, more readily disarticulating florets, and greener lemmas with more prow-shaped apices, as well as in having paleal keel tips that point towards each other. In its overall aspect, it also resembles G. pulchella, but has somewhat more lax panicle branches than that species, in addition to smaller spikelets and florets."
5543	2023-12-14 12:18:34		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146267	Glyceria fluitans		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5544	2023-12-17 09:00:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146278	Glyceria grandis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5545	2023-12-17 09:01:56		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146288	Glyceria grandis var. grandis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Glyceria grandis grows on banks and in the water of streams, ditches, ponds, and wet meadows, from Alaska to Newfoundland and south in the mountains to California, Arizona, and New Mexico in the western United States, and to Virginia and Tennessee in the eastern United States. It is similar to G. maxima, differing primarily in its shorter, flatter lemmas and shorter anthers. It is also confused with G. elata and Torreyochloa pallida. It differs from the former in having acute glumes with long veins, more evenly dark florets, flatter lemma apices, and paleal keel tips that do not point towards each other. It differs from Torreyochloa pallida in its closed leaf sheaths and 1-veined glumes.<br><br>Glyceria grandis var. grandis is the more widespread of the two varieties, growing throughout the range of the species."
5546	2023-12-17 09:28:32		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146292	Glyceria leptostachya		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Glyceria leptostachya grows in swamps and along the margins of streams and lakes, on the western side of the coastal mountains from southern Alaska to San Francisco Bay. It is similar to the European Glyceria notata, differing primarily in its tendency to have fewer spikelets [3–8(10) vs. 5–15(19)] on its branches."
5547	2023-12-17 09:37:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146300	Glyceria maxima		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24:"Glyceria maxima is native to Eurasia. It grows in wet areas, including shallow water, at scattered locations in the flora region. It is an excellent fodder grass, and may have been planted deliberately at one time (Dore and McNeill 1980). At some sites, the species appears to be spreading, largely vegetatively. It is easily confused with large specimens of G. grandis, but differs in its firmer, more prow-tipped lemmas as well as its larger lemmas and usually larger anthers."
5548	2023-12-17 20:21:43		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146328	Glyceria occidentalis		species	named	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Glyceria ×occidentalis has hitherto been considered an uncommon native species that grows along lakes, ponds, and streams, and in marshy areas of western North America. It differs from other species in the region primarily in its longer lemmas and anthers. Studies of chloroplast DNA in western North American species of Glyceria demonstrated that, contrary to C.L. Hitchcock\\'s (1969) conclusion, G. fluitans is present in western North America, and that all specimens being identified as G. ×occidentalis had cpDNA resembling that of G. leptostachya or G. fluitans; there was no distinctive G. ×occidentalis cpDNA (Whipple et al. [in press]). This strongly suggests that G. ×occidentalis is a series of reciprocal hybids, and probably backcrosses, between G. fluitans and G. leptostachya. As the key indicates, G. ×occidentalis is intermediate between its two putative parents. The cpDNA study also confirmed that G. declinata is distinct from G. ×occidentalis (see discussion under that species)."
5549	2023-12-17 20:25:27		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146349	Glyceria striata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Glyceria striata grows in bogs, along lakes and streams, and in other wet places. Its range extends from Alaska to Newfoundland and south into Mexico. Plants from the eastern portion of the range have sometimes been treated as G. striata var. striata, and those from the west as G. striata var. stricta (Scribn.) Fernald. Eastern plants tend to have somewhat narrower leaves and thinner culms than western plants, but the variation appears continuous. In the west, larger specimens are easy to confuse with G. elata. The two species are sometimes found growing together without hybridizing; this and molecular data (Whipple et al. [in prep.]) support their recognition as separate species. The differences between the two in growth habit and stature are evident in the field; they are not always evident on herbarium specimens. In its overall aspect, G. striata also resembles G. pulchella, but it has somewhat more lax panicle branches in addition to smaller spikelets and florets.<br><br>Glyceria ×gatineauensis Bowden is a sterile hybrid between G. striata and G. melicaria. It resembles G. melicaria but has longer (up to 12 cm), less appressed panicle branches and is a triploid with 2n = 30. It was described from a population near Eardley, Quebec. An additional specimen, tentatively identified as G. ×gatineauensis, was collected in 1929 from French Creek in Upshur County, West Virginia.<br><br>Glyceria ×ottawensis Bowden is a sterile hybrid between G. striata and G. canadensis. It is intermediate between the two parents, and is known only from the original populations near Ottawa. It has sometimes been included in G. ×laxa (Scribn.) Scribn. [= G. canadensis var. laxa]; that taxon often produces viable seed, indicating that it is not a hybrid."
5550	2018-08-15 09:36:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146420	Graphephorum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5551	2023-12-17 20:48:48		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146439	Graphephorum wolfii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Trisetum wolfii grows in moist meadows, marshes, and stream banks in aspen groves and parks in the spruce-fir forest zone, at medium to high, but usually not alpine, elevations.It is native to southwestern Canada and the western United States."
5552	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146691	Hesperostipa		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5553	2023-12-20 12:04:33		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146692	Hesperostipa comata		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5554	2023-12-20 12:07:37		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146694	Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Hesperostipa comata subsp. comata grows on well-drained soils of cool deserts, grasslands, and sagebrush associations, at elevations of 200–2500 m. It is widespread and often abundant in western and central North America, particularly in disturbed areas. It is similar to H. neomexicana, differing primarily in having awns that are either not hairy or have hairs that are no more than 0.5 mm long, and in having thinner, longer ligules. Intermediates to H. neomexicana exist but are not common."
5556	2018-08-15 09:36:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146752	Hierochloe		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5557	2023-12-20 12:26:24		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146780	Hierochloe occidentalis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring along Cascades crest in Washington in south-central Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Anthoxanthum occidentale grows in moist to fairly dry forested areas, from Kickitat County, Washington south to the coastal mountains of San Juis Obispo County, California.  Its long flag leaf blades and more elongate spikelet parts make it easier to distinguish from A. hirtum than the key suggests."
5558	2023-12-20 12:29:32		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146796	Hierochloe odorata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5559	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146850	Holcus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5560	2020-05-09 09:00:45		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146862	Holcus lanatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest and east in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Holcus lanatus grows in disturbed sites, moist waste places, lawns, and pastures, in a wide range of edaphic conditions and at elevations from 0-2300 m. A native of Europe, it was widely distributed in North America by 1800. It is an ancestor of the polyploid complex represented by Holcus mollis."
5561	2023-12-20 12:35:34		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146870	Holcus mollis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5562	2023-12-20 12:36:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146872	Holcus mollis ssp. mollis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Holcus mollis grows in moist soil and disturbed sites, including lawns and damp pastures. It is a European introduction that has persisted in the Flora region, becoming a problematic weed in ungrazed pastures, prairie remnants, and oak savannahs in portions of the Pacific Northwest. It is also sold as an ornamental. There are two subspecies: Holcus mollis L. subsp. mollis (stems not thickened and tuberous at the base; panicles lax, brownish or purplish) and H. mollis subsp. reuteri (Boiss.) Malag. (stems thickened and tuberous at the base; panicles narrow, whitish). North American introductions belong to subsp. mollis."
5563	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146913	Hordeum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5564	2023-12-20 12:43:16		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146919	Hordeum brachyantherum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5565	2023-12-20 12:44:32		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146924	Hordeum brachyantherum ssp. brachyantherum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Hordeum brachyantherum subsp. brachyantherum grows in pastures and along streams and lake shores, from sea level to 4000 m. Its range extends from Kamchatka through western North America to Baja California, Mexico. It is also known from disjunct locations in Newfoundland and Labrador and the eastern United Sates. The latter are probably recent introductions; the Newfoundland populations are harder to explain. One population from California is known to be hexaploid."
5566	2023-12-20 12:48:06		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146962	Hordeum depressum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Hordeum depressum grows in vernal pools and ephemeral habitats, often in alkaline soil. It is restricted to the western United States."
5567	2023-12-20 12:54:18		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146982	Hordeum jubatum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5568	2023-12-20 12:56:20		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146990	Hordeum jubatum ssp. jubatum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Hordeum jubatum subsp. jubatum is the more widespread of the two subspecies, extending from eastern Siberia through most of North America to northern Mexico. Native in western and northern portions of the Flora region, it is considered to be adventive in the eastern and southeastern portion of its range. It grows in moist soil along roadsides and other disturbed areas, as well as in meadows, the edges of sloughs and salt marshes, and on grassy slopes."
5569	2023-12-20 13:00:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	146998	Hordeum marinum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5570	2023-12-20 13:03:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147009	Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Hordeum marinum subsp. gussoneanum grows in grassy fields, waste places, and open ground. It was introduced to North America from the Mediterranean area, and it is now an established weed, especially in western North America."
5571	2023-12-21 21:04:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147018	Hordeum murinum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5572	2023-12-21 21:07:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147024	Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum grows in grasslands, fields, and waste places. It is native to the eastern Mediterranean area. It is now common in arid areas of the western United States, and is also known from scattered locations elsewhere in the Flora region."
5573	2023-12-21 21:09:03		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147030	Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum grows in waste places, roadsides, and disturbed areas in arid regions. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is now established in the Flora region, being most common in the western United States. A hexaploid cytotype has been found in Turkey, Armenia, Turkmenistan, and Iran. It has been named H. leporinum var. simulans Bowden. It is treated here as part of H. murinum subsp. leporinum."
5574	2023-12-21 21:11:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147038	Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum grows in waste places that are somewhat moist. It is native to Europe. Within the Flora region, it has the most restricted distribution of the three subspecies, being found from Washington to Arizona, and in scattered locations from Maine to Virginia."
5575	2023-12-20 13:06:04		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147085	Hordeum pusillum		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	Known from a single collection in WA of questionable identification. Additional evidence needed to confirm that this species is established in the flora.  FNA24: "Hordeum pusillum grows in open grasslands, pastures, and the borders of marshes, and in disturbed places such as roadsides and waste places, often in alkaline soil. It is native, widespread, and often common in much of the Flora region. Its range extends into northern Mexico, but it is not common there."
5576	2023-12-21 21:15:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147124	Hordeum vulgare		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring in scattered locations on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;		
5577	2023-12-21 21:16:49		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147131	Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring in scattered locations on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Hordeum vulgare is native to Eurasia. Plants in the Flora region belong to the cultivated subspecies, H. vulgare L. subsp. vulgare. The progenitor of cultivated barley, H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell., has a brittle rachis, tough awn, and, often, shrunken seeds. It does not grow in the Flora region.<br><br>Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare was first domesticated in western Asia. It is now grown in most temperate parts of the world. In the Flora region, it occurs as a cultivated species that is often found as an adventive in fields, roadsides, and waste places throughout the region, not just at the locations shown on the map. There are many distinctive, but interfertile, forms. Bothmer et al. (1995) presented an artificial classification of such forms."
5578	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147841	Koeleria		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5579	2020-05-09 21:39:24		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	147950	Koeleria macrantha		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Widely distributed on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Koeleria macrantha is widely distributed in temperate regions of North America and Eurasia. In North America, it grows in semi-arid to mesic conditions, on dry prairies or in grassy woods, generally in sandy soil, from sea level to 3900 m. It differs from Sphenopholis intermedia, with which it is frequently confused, in its less open panicles, and in having spikelets that disarticulate above the glumes.<br><br>The species is treated here as a polymorphic, polyploid complex. North American plants have sometimes been treated as a separate species, Koeleria nitida Nutt., but no morphological characters for distinguishing them from Eurasian members of the complex are known (Greuter 1968). Some plants from Oregon and Washington have densely pubescent culms, and high-elevation populations from western North America often are densely cespitose, with very short culms and purple leaves and inflorescences, but both variants appear to intergrade with more typical plants."
5580	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148155	Leersia		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5581	2023-12-23 08:10:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148228	Leersia oryzoides		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Leersia oryzoides grows in wet, heavy, clay or sandy soils, and is often aquatic. It is found across most of southern Canada, extending south throughout the contiguous United States into northern Mexico, and flowers from July to October. It has also become established in Europe and Asia."
5582	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148458	Leymus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5583	2023-12-23 08:16:05		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148489	Leymus cinereus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Leymus cinereus grows along streams, gullies, and roadsides, and in gravelly to sandy areas in sagebrush and open woodlands. It is widespread and common in western North America. Leymus cinereus also resembles Psathyrostachys juncea, differing in its non-disarticulating rachises, larger spikelets with more florets, and longer ligules. Spontaneous hybridization between L. cinereus and L. triticoides is known; the hybrids do not have a scientific name. The rhizomes found in some specimens may reflect introgression from L. triticoides through such hybrids."
5584	2023-12-23 08:19:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148493	Leymus condensatus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from California	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5585	2023-12-23 08:25:45		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148505	Leymus flavescens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Leymus flavescens grows on sand dunes and open sandy flats, and ditch- and roadbanks, of the Snake and Columbia river valleys [MARY: there are also 3 Montana counties shown on the map. KMC]. The central Washington population is growing on a road cut; it seems to be well established there.<br><br>Plants identified as Elymus arenicolus Scribn. & J.G. Sm. have less densely pubescent lemmas than other specimens. Leckenby, the collector of the type specimen, noted that they grew on sand or sand drifts along the Columbia River, but could not withstand flooding. He could find no seed. Such specimens are included here, but they may represent hybrids between L. flavescens and L. triticoides."
5586	2020-08-08 09:36:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148533	Leymus mollis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington along the immediate marine coastline;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5587	2023-12-23 08:35:36		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148541	Leymus mollis ssp. mollis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington along the immediate marine coastline;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "In the Flora region, Leymus mollis subsp. mollis grows primarily on the west coast; on the east coast, it grows in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, particularly along the St. Lawrence River, and on the coast of Greenland. It does not grow along the arctic coast. Outside the Flora region, it is native in the coastal region of eastern Asia, growing primarily along the coast and in the mouths of larger rivers, and on the shores of large lakes near the coast from the Korean Peninsula to the Kamchatka Peninsula. It was introduced to Iceland, but is now rare there.<br><br>Leymus ×vancouverensis is thought to be a hybrid between L. mollis subsp. mollis and L. triticoides, although its range extends beyond the current range of L. triticoides."
5588	2020-04-19 09:30:59		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148569	Leymus racemosus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Leymus racemosus is native to Europe and central Asia, where it grows on dry, sandy soils. It has been introduced into the Flora region, and collected at various locations, particularly in the northwestern contiguous United States; it is not clear how many of the populations represented by these specimens are still extant. Tsvelev (1976) recognized 4 subspecies. Because there are few North American specimens, and these are incomplete, no attempt has been made to determine to which subspecies the North American plants belong."
5589	2020-09-18 11:46:31		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148610	Leymus triticoides		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Leymus triticoides grows in dry to moist, often saline meadows. Its range extends from southern British Columbia to Montana, south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico, but its populations are widely scattered. It is not known from Mexico. There is considerable variation within the species, but no pattern of variation suggesting the existence of infraspecific taxa is known. It is very similar to L. multicaulis, strains of which were initially released as L. triticoides by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The most consistent differences between them appear to be in the venation of the leaf blades and the vestiture of the calluses. Leymus triticoides is also very similar to L. simplex, differing from it in the number of spikelets at the midspike nodes.<br><br>Leymus triticoides hybridizes with other species of Leymus; hybrids with L. mollis are called L. ×vancouverensis (see p. ??), those with L. condensatus are called L. ×multiflorus (see p. ??). Hybrids with L. cinereus are known, but have not been formally named. Plants identified as Elymus arenicolus Scribn. & J.G. Sm. are here included in L. flavescens, but may represent hybrids between L. triticoides and L. flavescens."
5590	2023-12-23 08:44:12		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148614	Leymus vancouverensis		species	named	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington along the marine coast;	{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA24: "Leymus ×vancouverensis grows at scattered locations on beaches along the Pacific coast, from southern British Columbia to California. It is a sterile hybrid, probably between L. mollis and L. triticoides (Bowden 1957). The northern populations are outside the current range of L. triticoides."
5591	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148645	Lolium		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5592	2023-12-23 08:48:44		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148654	Lolium multiflorum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Lolium multiflorum, a European species, now grows in most of the Flora region. It is planted as a cover crop, as a temporary lawn grass, for roadside restoration, and for soil or forage enrichment; it often escapes from cultivation, becoming established in disturbed sites.<br><br>Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne are interfertile and intergrade. Lolium multiflorum differs from L. perenne in being a taller, shorter-lived perennial or annual with wider leaves that are rolled, rather than folded, in the bud. Hybrids between the two species are called Lolium ×hybridum Hausskn. Lolium multiflorum also hybridizes with L. rigidum; those hybrids are called Lolium ×hubbardii Jansen & Wacht. ex B.K. Simon."
5593	2023-12-23 08:53:49		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148676	Lolium perenne		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Lolium perenne, a Eurasian species, is now established in disturbed areas throughout much of the Flora region. It is commercially important, being included in lawn seed mixtures as well as being used for forage and erosion prevention.<br><br>Lolium perenne intergrades and is interfertile with L. multiflorum; it also intergrades with L. rigidum. Typical L. perenne differs from L. multiflorum in being a shorter, longer-lived perennial with narrower leaves that are folded, rather than rolled, in the bud. Hybrids between the two species are called Lolium ×hybridum Hausskn."
5594	2023-12-23 09:04:35		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148708	Lolium temulentum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from the Mediterranean	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5595	2023-12-23 09:06:53		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148718	Lolium temulentum ssp. temulentum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from the Mediterranean	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Lolium temulentum subsp. temulentum is found occasionally in disturbed sites throughout much of the Flora region. It is native to the Eastern Hemisphere, where it is known only as a weed, especially of grain fields. Awn presence or absence and length vary, and have no taxonomic significance.<br><br>The seeds sometimes become infected with an endophytic fungus, assumed to be the source of the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids loline, 6-methyl loline, and lolinine, but not temuline, which is now considered an artifact of isolation (Dannhardt and Steindl 1985). Because primitive agricultural practices could not separate seeds of Lolium temulentum from those of wheat, infected seeds often resulted in poisonous flour."
5596	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148820	Melica		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5597	2024-01-02 11:55:52		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148838	Melica aristata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Known historically in Washington from the Lewis River in Skamania County, but now best considered extirpated in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WS"}	FNA24: "Melica aristata grows from 1000–3000 m in open fir and pine woods. It is restricted to the Flora region, being native from Washington to southern California. It has also been found in Kentucky, possibly as an introduction from contaminated seed. Melica aristata is easily distinguished from most species of Melica by its conspicuous awns."<br><br>This species has not been collected in Washington in over 100 years. It is best considered extirpated at this time.
5598	2023-12-23 16:22:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148861	Melica bulbosa		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Melica bulbosa grows from 1370–3400 m, mostly in open woods on dry, well-drained slopes and along streams. It is restricted to the western half of the Flora region. Two records from Texas, in Jeff Davis and Sutton counties, have not been verified.<br><br>Melica bulbosa differs from M. spectabilis in its sessile corm and longer glumes. In addition, in M. bulbosa the spikelets have purplish bands which appear to be concentrated towards the apices; in M. spectabilis the bands appear more regularly spaced. It differs from M. californica in its more narrowly acute spikelets, more strongly colored lemmas, and lack of corms, and from M. fugax in not having swollen rachilla internodes."
5599	2023-12-23 16:24:19		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148893	Melica ciliata		species		N	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			Known from a single collection in Seattle escaped from nearby cultivation. Not considered established in the flora.
5600	2023-12-23 16:24:36		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148901	Melica ciliata ssp. taurica		infraspecies		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Known from a single collection in Seattle escaped from nearby cultivation. Not considered established in the flora.
5601	2023-12-24 08:45:43		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148913	Melica fugax		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Melica fugax grows at elevations to 2200 m on dry, open flats, hillsides, and woods, from British Columbia to California and east to Idaho and Nevada. It is usually found on soils of volcanic origin, and rarely below 1300 m.<br><br>Melica fugax is often confused with M. bulbosa, but its rachilla internodes are unmistakable and unique among the species in the Flora region, being swollen when fresh and wrinkled when dry. One specimen, C.L. Hitchcock 15521 [WTU 114265] from Elmore County, Idaho, appears to be a hybrid. It has shrunken caryopses and combines the rachilla of M. fugax with the lemma pubescence, size, and overall appearance of M. subulata, but lacks corms."
5602	2023-12-24 08:49:14		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	148937	Melica harfordii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Melica harfordii grows primarily in the Pacific coast ranges from Washington to California, as well as in the Sierra Nevada and a few other inland locations, usually on dry slopes or in dry, open woods. The awns in M. harfordii often escape attention because they do not always extend beyond the lemma."
5603	2024-02-25 12:46:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149057	Melica smithii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Melica smithii grows in cool, moist woods from British Columbia and Alberta south to Oregon and Wyoming and, as a disjunct, from the Great Lakes region to western Quebec. It often forms colonies in the eastern portion of its range. Its disjunct distribution pattern is unusual among North America\\\'s grasses."
5604	2023-12-24 08:58:43		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149063	Melica spectabilis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Melica spectabilis grows in moist meadows, flats, and open woods, from 1200–2600 m, primarily in the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains. It is often confused with M. bulbosa, differing in its shorter glumes, "tailed" corm, and the more marked and evenly spaced purplish bands of its spikelets."
5605	2023-12-24 09:15:49		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149077	Melica subulata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Melica subulata grows from sea level to 2300 m in mesic, shady woods. Its range extends from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska through British Columbia to California, east to Lawrence County, South Dakota, and into Colorado."
5606	2018-08-15 09:36:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149359	Miscanthus		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5607	2023-12-24 09:19:36		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149379	Miscanthus sinensis		species		Y	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from Asia	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5608	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149500	Molinia		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5609	2024-02-25 12:44:48		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149506	Molinia caerulea		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	The Washington collection from along beach just south of West Point lighthouse at Discovery Park in Seattle, King County is a misidentification. This species is not know from Washington. <br><br>FNA24: "Molinia caerulea is established at scattered locations in the Flora region, but not at all the locations where it has been found. For instance, the record for Pennsylvania reflects a collection made in 1945 from an abandoned field; there are no extant populations known in the area. Most records are from southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States, but it has also been reported as being established in western Oregon.<br><br>Plants with long, lax panicle branches have been called Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea (Schrank) H. Paul rather than M. caerulea (L.) Moench subsp. caerulea, but there are many intermediates."
5610	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149533	Muhlenbergia		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5611	2023-12-24 10:27:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149550	Muhlenbergia andina		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Muhlenbergia andina grows in damp places such as stream banks, gravel bars, marshes, lake margins, damp meadows, around springs, and in canyons, at elevations of 700-3000 m. It grows only in the western part of southern Canada and the contiguous United States."
5612	2023-12-24 10:35:41		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149582	Muhlenbergia asperifolia		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Muhlenbergia asperifolia grows in moist, often alkaline meadows, playa margins, and sandy washes, on grassy slopes, and around seeps and hot springs, at elevations of 55-3000 m. Its geographic range includes northern Mexico. Muhlenbergia asperifolia is morphologically similar to the southeastern M. torreyana, but differs in having glabrous, weakly compressed culms and more widely divergent panicle branches.<br><br>The caryopses of Muhlenbergia asperifolia are frequently infected by a smut, Tilletia asperifolia Ellis & Everhart, which produces a globose body filled with blackish-brown spores."
5614	2023-12-24 12:22:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149807	Muhlenbergia glomerata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Muhlenbergia glomerata grows in meadows, marshes, bogs, alkaline fens, lake margins, stream banks, beside irrigation ditches and hot springs, and on gravelly slopes, in many different plant communities, at elevations of 30-2300 m. It is most common in southern Canada and the northeastern United States, but grows sporadically throughout the western United States. It is not known from Mexico."<br><br>H&C: "Although listed in Hitchcock\\'s Manual for much of our area, the plant is rather rare.  I have seen only one plant from Wash. and none from Oreg., and it is not at all common in Ida and w.  Montana."
5615	2023-12-24 12:27:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149878	Muhlenbergia mexicana		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5616	2023-12-24 12:37:04		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149926	Muhlenbergia minutissima		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WS"}	FNA24: "Muhlenbergia minutissima grows in sandy and gravelly drainages, rocky slopes, flats, road cuts, and open sites. It is usually found in yellow pine and oak-pine forests, pinyon-juniper woodlands, thorn-scrub forests, and oak-grama savannahs, at elevations of 1200-3000 m. Its range extends from the western United States to southern Mexico."
5617	2021-05-11 10:59:42		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	150043	Muhlenbergia racemosa		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	WA is not included in the range statement for this species in Flora PNW, 2nd edition based on the absence of specimens from WA.
5618	2023-12-24 12:40:56		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	150065	Muhlenbergia richardsonis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Muhlenbergia richardsonis grows in open sites in alkaline meadows, prairies, sandy arroyo bottoms, talus slopes, rocky flats and the shores of rivers, at elevations of 60-3300 m. It is the most widespread species of Muhlenbergia in the Flora region, extending from the Yukon Territory to Quebec in the north and to northern Baja California, Mexico, in the south. Morden and Hatch (1996) reported that it also grows in Alaska, but no voucher specimen has been located.<br><br>Muhlenbergia richardsonis is often confused with M. cuspidata, which differs in lacking rhizomes and having shorter ligules, and sometimes with M. filiformis, which differs in being a weak annual with glabrous internodes and obtuse, erose glumes."
5619	2018-08-15 09:36:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	150372	Nassella		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5620	2021-07-09 14:27:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	150786	Nassella viridula		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WS"}	Three specimens appear in the CPNWH database.  However, two are from a nursery in Pullman and the other is likely a misidentification.
5621	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151152	Oryzopsis	Achnatherum, Piptatheropsis	genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5622	2023-12-24 13:04:41		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151154	Oryzopsis asperifolia		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in northeastern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Oryzopsis asperifolia grows in both deciduous and coniferous woods, generally on open, rocky ground in areas with well-developed duff. It is found from the Yukon and Northwest Territories south to New Mexico along the Rocky Mountains, and from British Columbia east to Newfoundland and Maryland. It is listed as endangered or threatened in Indiana, Ohio, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia."
5623	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151196	Panicum	Dichanthelium, Panicum	genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5624	2023-12-24 13:39:52		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151264	Panicum capillare		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5625	2023-12-24 13:44:48		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151273	Panicum capillare ssp. capillare		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Panicum capillare subsp. capillare is the common subspecies, growing in weedy and dry habitats throughout the range of the species. Plants in the western United States and Canada have spikelets over 2.6 mm long more often than those in the east. Robust plants germinating early in the season and growing on better soils tend to spread more, and have wider, shorter blades and more exserted panicles than plants in the eastern United States and Canada growing under comparable conditions. They are sometimes included in P. capillare var. occidentale Rydb., but these traits are not well correlated, and several environmental factors apparently affect their expression. Plants in the eastern part of the range with a well-exserted main panicle at anthesis usually arise from seeds germinating relatively late in the season."<br><br>KZ99 (citing the 1996 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden) reports Panicum hirticaule J. Presl var. hirticaule from WA, but it is not found in the Pacific Northwest acording to FNA.
5626	2023-12-25 08:24:45		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151342	Panicum dichotomiflorum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from eastern and central Washington	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5627	2023-12-25 08:48:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151359	Panicum dichotomiflorum ssp. dichotomiflorum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from eastern North America	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Panicum dichotomiflorum subsp. dichotomiflorum is the most common of the three subspecies and is found throughout the range of the species. In the past, members of this subspecies have been treated as two different taxa, var. geniculatum (Alph. Wood) Fernald and var. dichotomiflorum, with more erect, slender plants having fewer long-exserted panicles with slender, ascending branches and less crowded spikelets being placed in var. dichotomiflorum. Such plants are more common in the southern part of the subspeciesrange, but the traits are poorly correlated and the differences are at least in part affected by photoperiod, nighttime temperatures, and the time of seed germination."
5628	2023-12-26 17:05:26		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151507	Panicum miliaceum		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Asia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5629	2023-12-26 20:16:39		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151509	Panicum miliaceum ssp. miliaceum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Asia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum is the subspecies used in bird seed. It probably rarely persists because of the retention of the upper florets on the plant and, in northern states, poor seed survival over winter."
5630	2023-12-26 20:20:51		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151510	Panicum miliaceum ssp. ruderale		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Asia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Panicum miliaceum subsp. ruderale is now naturalized over much of the Flora region. It may become a major weed, especially in corn fields."
5631	2018-08-15 09:36:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151940	Parapholis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5632	2023-12-27 10:03:21		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151952	Parapholis incurva		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5633	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	152045	Pascopyrum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5634	2023-12-27 10:08:37		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	152068	Pascopyrum smithii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Pascopyrum smithii is native to sagebrush deserts and mesic alkaline meadows, growing in both clay and sandy soils. Pascopyrum smithii is probably derived from a Leymus triticoides–Elymus lanceolatus cross (Dewey 1975); it is frequently confused with both. Leymus triticoides differs in usually having 2 spikelets per node and glumes that are narrower at the base. In E. lanceolatus, the leaves tend to be more evenly distributed and the glumes have straight midveins, become narrow beyond midlength, and tend to be wider at 3/4 length (0.35–1.6 mm). In addition, the first rachilla internodes of E. lanceolatus are often longer and narrower (the length/width ratio averaging 2.6, versus 1.8 in P. smithii). No infraspecific taxa of P. smithii are recognized here."
5635	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	152120	Paspalum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5636	2023-12-27 10:12:19		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	152404	Paspalum distichum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly along the lower Columbia River corridor in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Paspalum distichum grows on the edges of lakes, ponds, rice fields, and wet roadside ditches. It is native in warm regions throughout the world, being most abundant in humid areas. In the Western Hemisphere, it grows from the United States to Argentina and Chile."<br><br>We decide to consider P. distichum introduced in Washington due to the few collections that have been made over the years and its occurrence in human-disturbed localities.
5639	2023-12-27 15:25:30		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	153373	Pennisetum setaceum		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from the eastern Mediterranean		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Recently collected as a very local escape from cultivation in King Co., not yet an established member of the flora. Further documentation of its establishment is needed before addition to the Flora Checklist.<br><br><br>An invasive weed in the southern US.<br><br>FNA25: "Pennisetum setaceum is a desert grass native to the eastern Mediterranean region. It is a popular ornamental throughout the southern United States, but it is also an invasive weed."
5640	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	153694	Phalaris		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5641	2020-06-05 12:39:25		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	153745	Phalaris arundinacea		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Widely distributed on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;		Flora PNW 2nd: "collections by D. Douglas (e Cascades along Columbia River), D. Lyall (WA Cascades), and others from before 1860 are apparently the native North American race, but inseparable morphologically from the invasive European intro race in our area used for rangeland improvement by ± 1885.".<br><br>  FNA24: "Phalaris arundinacea is a circumboreal species, native to north temperate regions; it occurs, as an introduction, in the Southern Hemisphere. It grows in wet areas such as the edges of lakes, ponds, ditches, and creeks, often forming dense stands; in some areas it is a problematic weed. North American populations may be a mix of native strains, European strains, and agronomic cultivars (Merigliano and Lesica 1998).<br><br>The interpretation adopted here is that of Baldini (1995), who treated Phalaris arundinacea sensu stricto as the most widespread species in a complex of three species. The other two species are P. rotgesii (Husn.) Baldini, a diploid that is restricted to France and Italy, and P. caesia Nees, a hexaploid that grows in southern Europe, western Asia, and eastern to southern Africa. Phalaris rotgesii has glumes 2-3.8 mm long, sterile florets 1-1.5 mm long, bisexual florets 2-3 mm long, and anthers about 2 mm long. The corresponding measurements for P. caesia are 6-7 mm, about 2.5 mm, 4-5 mm, and 3.5-4 mm, respectively. Other taxonomists have included P. rotgesii
5642	2023-12-27 20:40:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	153781	Phalaris canariensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Phalaris canariensis is native to southern Europe and the Canary Islands, but is now widespread in the rest of the world, frequently being grown for birdseed. The exposed ends of the glumes are almost semicircular in outline, making this one of our easier species of Phalaris to identify."
5643	2023-12-27 20:42:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	153839	Phalaris paradoxa		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	This species does not appear to be established in Washington based on the specimen record. <br><br> FNA24: "Phalaris paradoxa is native to the Mediterranean region; it is now found throughout the world, primarily in harbor areas and near old ballast dumps. It is an established weed in parts of Arizona and California. Within an inflorescence, the most reduced sterile spikelets are located near the base, and the most nearly normal spikelets are near the top."
5644	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	153927	Phleum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5645	2023-12-28 10:46:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	153930	Phleum alpinum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5646	2023-12-28 11:01:23		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	153968	Phleum pratense		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5647	2023-12-28 11:02:22		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	153980	Phleum pratense ssp. pratense		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Phleum pratense grows in pastures, rangelands, and disturbed sites throughout most of the mesic, cooler regions of North America. Originally introduced from Eurasia as a pasture grass, it is now well established in many parts of the world, including the Flora region. North American plants belong to the polyploid Phleum pratense L. subsp. pratense, which differs from the diploid P. pratense subsp. bertolonii (DC.) Bornm. in having obtuse ligules. Depauperate specimens of P. pratense are hard to distinguish from P. alpinum (see next species)."
5648	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154003	Phragmites		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5649	2023-12-30 08:39:36		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154018	Phragmites australis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	B	Native and introduced from Eurasia and northern Africa	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5650	2023-12-30 09:12:15		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154050	Phragmites australis ssp. americanus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	
5651	2023-12-30 09:09:55		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154052	Phragmites australis ssp. australis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia and northern Africa	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24 (online): "Phragmites australis is one of the most widely distributed flowering plants, growing in most temperate and tropical regions of the world, spreading quickly by rhizomes. Once established, it is difficult to eradicate.<br><br>Phragmites australis (Invasive). The appropriate name for these plants is not clear although they probably originated in Europe. The name Pragmites australis, and hence the name Phragmites australis subsp. australis, is based on plants collected from what is now Sydney, Autralia. Unfortunately, there has been no study of plants from Australia, nor of plants from Europe, so it is not clear what name to use for the European plants. Nevertheless because of the importance from a management point of view of being able to distinguish the invasive strain from the native strains, names have been treated for the strains in North America that are not invasive. For additional information, see the invasive plants network site and their page for distinguishing the invasive strain."
5652	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154136	Piptatheropsis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5653	2023-12-30 09:15:25		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154148	Piptatheropsis exigua		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Piptatherum exiguum grows on rocky slopes and outcrops in upper montane habitats, from central British Columbia to southwestern Alberta and south to northern California, Nevada, Utah, and northern Colorado. The limited DNA evidence available suggests that it is a basal species within Piptatherum (Jacobs et al. 2006)."
5654	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154433	Pleuropogon		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5655	2023-12-30 09:19:23		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154452	Pleuropogon refractus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Pleuropogon refractus grows in wet meadows, riverbanks, and shady places, from sea level to about 1000 m. Its range extends from British Columbia south to California."
5656	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154474	Poa		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5657	2023-12-10 10:43:29		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154525	Poa alpina		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5658	2023-12-10 10:46:15		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154532	Poa alpina ssp. alpina		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa alpina is a fairly common circumboreal forest species of subalpine to arctic habitats, extending south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado in the west, and to the northern Great Lakes region in the east. It often grows in disturbed ground and is calciphilic. Poa ×gaspensis is a natural hybrid which seems to be between P. alpina and P. pratensis subsp. alpigena; it differs from P. alpina in its extravaginal branching, rhizomatous habit, and webbed calluses. The range of chromosome numbers suggests that P. alpina is predominantly apomictic.<br><br>Poa alpina subsp. alpina is the more common of the two subspecies. In the Flora region, it grows throughout the range of the species."
5659	2023-12-26 08:47:16		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154551	Poa annua		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa annua is one of the world\'s most widespread weeds. It thrives in anthropomorphic habitats outside of the arctic. A native of Eurasia, it is now well established throughout most of the Flora region.<br><br>Poa annua is a gynomonoecious tetraploid (possibly rarely polyhaploid), and is thought to have arisen from hybridization between P. infirma and P. supina (Tutin 1952). It is similar to P. infirma, differing in having larger anthers. It differs from P. chapmaniana in having glabrous calluses and three larger anthers, rather than one. Forms with glabrous lemmas occur sporadically within populations."
5660	2020-04-01 11:45:56		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154564	Poa arctica		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5661	2023-12-16 14:35:05		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154578	Poa arctica ssp. arctica		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Cascades Range in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5662	2023-12-13 22:02:07		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154664	Poa bolanderi		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa bolanderi grows mainly in pine to fir forest openings of mountain slopes in the western United States, from Washington to California and Utah. It differs from P. howellii in having smooth to scabrous, rather than puberulent, lemmas; it also grows at higher elevations, mostly at 1500–3000 m."
5663	2023-05-03 21:05:53		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154677	Poa bulbosa		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5664	2023-05-03 21:08:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154680	Poa bulbosa ssp. vivipara		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa bulbosa is a European species that is now established in the Flora region. In southern Europe and the Middle East, it is considered an important early spring forage.<br><br>Poa bulbosa subsp. vivipara was introduced from Europe into the Pacific Northwest as a forage grass; it has since spread across temperate areas of the Flora region, particularly in the Pacific Northwest and northern Great Basin. It is highly tolerant of grazing and disturbance.
5665	2023-12-14 03:27:22		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154697	Poa compressa		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa compressa is common in much of the Flora region. It is sometimes considered to be native, but this seems doubtful. It is rare and thought to be introduced in Siberia and only local in the Russian Far East, but is common in Europe. In the Flora region, it is often seeded for soil stabilization, and has frequently escaped. It grows mainly in riparian areas, wet meadows, and disturbed ground. Its distinctly compressed nodes and culms, exserted lower culm nodes, rhizomatous growth habit, and scabrous panicle branches make it easily identifiable."
5666	2023-12-14 03:36:36		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154700	Poa confinis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington along the coast;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa confinis grows on sandy beaches and forest margins of the west coast, a habitat that is being lost to invasion by exotic species and development. It is closely related to P. diaboli, from which it differs by a suite of characters. The two species are ecologically and geographically distinct. Poa confinis differs from P. pratensis in having glabrous or sparsely hairy lemmas and diffusely webbed calluses. It is gynodioecious."
5667	2023-12-14 03:42:24		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154710	Poa curtifolia		species		Y	N	N	N	Y	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in central Washington, where endemic to the Wenatchee Mountains.	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa curtifolia is endemic to upper serpentine slopes in the Wenatchee Mountains, Kittitas and Chelan counties, Washington. It has narrow panicles like P. pringlei and P. suksdorfii. It differs from P. secunda, with which it is sometimes confused, in having all blades short, flat, and firm, and few spikelets per branch.<br><br>\\'
5668	2023-12-15 10:34:32		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154711	Poa cusickii		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5669	2023-12-15 10:59:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154714	Poa cusickii ssp. cusickii		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa cusickii grows in rich meadows in sagebrush scrub to rocky alpine slopes, from the southwestern Yukon Territory to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to central California and eastern Colorado. It is gynodioecious or dioecious.<br><br>Poa cusickii subsp. cusickii grows mainly in mesic desert upland and mountain meadows, on and around the Columbia plateaus of northern California, Oregon, southern Washington, and adjacent Idaho and Nevada. It is highly variable, with fairly open- to contracted-panicle populations, and from gynodioecious to dioecious populations. The modal and mean longest branch lengths of the narrower-panicled populations of subsp. cusickii serve to distinguish it from subsp. pallida in most cases. It appears to have hybridized with P. pringlei around Mount Shasta, California, and Mount Rose, Nevada. Poa stebbinsii, an endemic in the high Sierra Nevada, is easily distin-guished from P. cusickii subsp. cusickii by its long hyaline ligules."
5670	2023-12-15 12:06:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154722	Poa cusickii ssp. epilis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa cusickii grows in rich meadows in sagebrush scrub to rocky alpine slopes, from the southwestern Yukon Territory to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to central California and eastern Colorado. It is gynodioecious or dioecious.<br><br>Poa cusickii subsp. epilis tends to grow around timberline. It is strictly pistillate. It is usually quite distinct from subspp. cusickii and pallida, and differs from subsp. purpurascens in having on average more and shorter spikelets, lemmas that are shorter and rarely pubescent, and both intra- and extravaginal branching. It occurs throughout most of the range of the species, but is absent from the Yukon Territory, and uncommon in the Cascade Mountains. It is fairly uniform even though widespread.
5671	2023-12-16 14:29:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154726	Poa cusickii ssp. pallida		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa cusickii grows in rich meadows in sagebrush scrub to rocky alpine slopes, from the southwestern Yukon Territory to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to central California and eastern Colorado. It is gynodioecious or dioecious.<br><br>Poa cusickii subsp. pallida grows in forb-rich mountain grasslands to alpine habitats, from the southern Yukon Territory to California, across the Great Basin and through the Rocky Mountains to central Colorado. It is found mainly east and north of subsp. cusickii, but pistillate plants extend into the range of that subspecies in the eastern alpine peaks of California, Nevada, and Oregon. The shorter branch length serves to distinguish it from the narrow-panicled subsp. cusickii forms in most cases. It hybridizes with P. fendleriana, forming P. ×nematophylla. The hybrids may have hairy lemmas or, less often, broader leaf blades and glabrous lemmas. Poa cusickii subsp. pallida was included in Hitchock\'s (1951) circumscription of Poa pringlei, along with P. keckii and P. suksdorfii."
5672	2023-12-16 14:32:31		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154733	Poa cusickii ssp. purpurascens		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Cascades Range and Olympic Mountains in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa cusickii grows in rich meadows in sagebrush scrub to rocky alpine slopes, from the southwestern Yukon Territory to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to central California and eastern Colorado. It is gynodioecious or dioecious.<br><br>Poa cusickii subsp. purpurascens grows in subalpine habitats in the coastal mountains from southern British Columbia to southern Oregon, with sporadic occurrences eastward in British Columbia to the Rocky Mountains and south to the central Sierra Nevada. It tends to differ from subsp. epilis in having predominantly extravaginal branching, fewer and longer spikelets, and longer lemmas that are usually sparsely hairy on the keel and marginal veins. It differs from P. chambersii in lacking rhizomes and in being strictly pistillate; and from P. porsildii in its longer spikelets and in tending to have longer panicles with more spikelets.
5673	2023-12-16 14:41:02		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154785	Poa fendleriana		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5674	2023-12-16 14:48:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154803	Poa fendleriana ssp. longiligula		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa fendleriana subsp. longiligula tends to grow to the west of the other two subspecies, in areas where winter precipitation is more consistent and summer precipitation less consistent. Apomixis is far more common and widespread than sexual reproduction in this subspecies. Apomictic populations range from southwestern British Columbia to Baja California, Mexico, throughout the Great Basin and Colorado plateaus, and eastward across the Rocky Mountains. Sexual populations are mainly confined to northern Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah."
5675	2023-12-16 15:30:30		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154846	Poa glauca		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5676	2023-12-16 15:32:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154878	Poa glauca ssp. rupicola		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa glauca subsp. rupicola is endemic to dry alpine areas of western North America. It is often confused in herbaria with subsp. glauca and P. interior, but its calluses lack even a vestige of a web, and its lemmas have at least a few hairs between the lemma veins. It is often sympatric with both taxa outside of California. It is not common in the northern Rocky Mountains."
5677	2023-12-14 03:49:55		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154921	Poa howellii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest and in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa howellii grows primarily on rocky banks and wooded slopes, from the coastal ranges of southern British Columbia to southern California. It differs from P. bolanderi in having puberulent, rather than smooth or scabrous, lemmas, and in growing at lower elevations, mostly from near sea level to 1000 m."
5678	2023-12-14 03:53:16		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154937	Poa infirma		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Perhaps more common than currently documented.
5679	2023-12-14 03:59:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154940	Poa interior		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in northern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa interior, a native species, grows from Alaska to western Quebec and New York, south to Arizona and New Mexico. It is restricted to the Flora region. It is fairly common from boreal forests to low alpine habitats of the Rocky Mountains. It grows in subxeric to mesic habitats, such as mossy rocks and scree, usually in forests. It is usually tetraploid.<br><br>In alpine habitats, Poa interior is often quite short, and often sympatric with P. glauca. It is most reliably distinguished from P. glauca by lemmas that are glabrous between the marginal veins and keels or, rarely, sparsely puberulent on the lateral veins. It usually also differs from P. glauca subsp. rupicola in having at least a few hairs on its calluses. It can be distinguished from P. nemoralis by its longer ligules, lower top culm node, and wider glumes and lemmas. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish from P. palustris, but differs in having lemmas with wider hyaline margins and straight or gradually arched keels, a densely tufted habit, and scantly webbed calluses."
5680	2023-12-26 08:42:45		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154979	Poa laxiflora		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa laxiflora is restricted to mesic, old growth, mixed conifer forests of the Pacific coast, from Alaska south through the western foothills of the northern Cascades to Oregon. It is not a common species. A bulbiferous specimen was collected in the Queen Charlotte Islands.<br><br>Inclusion of Poa laxiflora in Poa sect. Homalopoa is tentative; it may belong to sect. Sylvestres."
5681	2023-12-14 08:02:43		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154984	Poa leibergii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest and in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa leibergii grows on mossy ledges and around vernal pools and the outer margins of Camassia swales, in sagebrush desert to low alpine habitats, especially where snow persists. It is found primarily on and around the basaltic Columbia plateaus, and is gynodioecious. All reports of P. leibergii from California, and most of those from Nevada, are based on misidentified specimens of P. cusickii subsp. cusickii and P. stebbinsii."
5682	2023-12-14 10:25:16		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154996	Poa leptocoma	Poa paucispicula	species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Cascades Range and Olympic Mountains in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa leptocoma grows around lakes and ponds and along streams, in subalpine and alpine to low arctic habitats, in western North America from Alaska to California and New Mexico, and on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. It often grows with or near P. reflexa, from which it differs in its more scabrous panicle branches, shorter anthers, glabrous or pectinately ciliate palea keels, and preference for wet sites. The two also differ in their ploidy level, P. leptocoma being hexaploid, and P. reflexa tetraploid. It differs from P. paucispicula in its more scabrous panicle branches, narrower glumes and lemmas, and its more sparsely hairy calluses and lemmas. Although its chloroplast haplotype is similar to that of species in sect. Oreinos, its ITS sequence is distinct and resembles that of P. paucispicula."
5683	2023-12-14 10:37:24		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155004	Poa lettermanii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Cascades Range in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa lettermanii grows on rocky slopes of the highest peaks and ridges in the alpine zone, from northern British Columbia to western Alberta and south to California and Colorado, usually in the shelter of rocks or on mesic to wet, frost-scarred slopes. It is one of only three known diploid Poa species native to the Western Hemisphere. Its glabrous calluses and lemmas usually distinguish it from P. abbreviata; it also differs in having flat or folded leaf blades, and shorter spikelets with glumes that are longer than the adjacent florets. Poa montevansii E.H. Kelso is tentatively included here, although its slightly longer lemmas that slightly exceed the glumes suggest that it may represent rare, glabrous forms of P. abbreviata."
5684	2023-12-14 10:44:33		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155016	Poa macrantha		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest along the coast in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa macrantha is a dioecious coastal sand dune species that grows from southern Alaska to northern California. It competes better than P. douglasii with the invasion of its habitat by Ammophila and other exotic species. It used to be treated as a subspecies of P. douglasii; a few intermediates with that species have been found around the mouth of Little River, California. Although clearly related, the two species are reasonably divergent in a number of characters. Poa macrantha is readily distinguished from P. douglasii by its glabrous rachises and usually longer glumes and lemmas."<br><br>H&C suggest (p 669) treating P.  macrantha as a geographic race of P.  douglasii Nees.
5685	2023-12-14 10:49:14		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155027	Poa marcida		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa marcida is an uncommon endemic of breaks in rich, mesic, generally old growth forests of the Pacific coast, from Vancouver Island through the western foothills of the northern Cascade Mountains to central Oregon. It differs from P. saltuensis in its closed sheaths and attenuate lemmas."
5686	2018-08-15 09:36:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155041	Poa multnomae		species	Named	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5687	2023-12-14 11:04:37		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155057	Poa nemoralis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Introduced from northern Eurasia, Poa nemoralis is established primarily at low elevations in deciduous and mixed conifer/deciduous forests. It is now common in southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States, and is spreading in the west. It can be distinguished from P. glauca and P. interior by its consistently short ligules, high top culm node, relatively long flag leaf blades, and narrow glumes and lemmas. It is usually hexaploid."
5688	2023-12-14 11:20:03		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155064	Poa nervosa		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades and in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa nervosa occurs infrequently at low elevations in the western foothills of the northern Cascade Mountains and adjacent coast ranges, extending eastward up the Columbia Gorge as far as Multnomah Falls. It usually grows in wet habitats, such as mossy cliffs with seeps and around waterfalls, but it is also found in rich, old growth, mixed deciduous and conifer forests. It appears to be sexually reproducing and sequentially gynomonoecious.<br><br>Poa nervosa differs from P. wheeleri in having densely pubescent leaf collar margins, and glabrous or more sparsely and shortly pubescent sheaths. It also differs in usually having well-developed anthers, and in being tetraploid. The two species are geographically isolated and ecologically distinct. Plants from the Columbia River Gorge in Oregon, including P. ×multnomae Piper, that approach P. tenerrima are presumed to be derived from hybridization between P. nervosa and P. secunda."
5689	2023-12-14 11:26:33		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155088	Poa palustris		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa palustris is native to boreal regions of northern Eurasia and North America, and is widespread in cool-temperate and boreal riparian and upland areas. European plants have also been introduced to other parts of North America. Plants in the Pacific Northwest and the southern United States are usually regarded as introduced, but some populations may be native. Poa palustris is used for soil stabilization and waterfowl feed.<br><br>Poa palustris from drier woods and meadows tends to resemble P. interior. The best features for recognizing it include its loose growth habit, more steeply ascending leaf blades, well-developed callus webs, narrowly hyaline lemma margins, and incurving lemma keels. It also has a tendency to branch at the nodes above the base."
5690	2023-12-14 11:31:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155112	Poa paucispicula		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Cascades Range and Olympic Mountains in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa paucispicula grows in arctic and alpine regions, from the north coast of Alaska and the western Northwest Territories south to Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming; it also grows in arctic far east Russia. It is a delicate species that prefers open, mesic, rocky slopes. It has sometimes been included in P. leptocoma, a member of Poa sect. Oreinos. It differs from P. leptocoma in having smoother branches, fewer spikelets, and broader glumes. Chloroplast DNA studies confirm that it is not closely related to species of sect. Oreinos; ITS data support its relationship to P. leptocoma."
5691	2023-12-16 19:04:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155144	Poa pratensis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	B	Both native and introduced	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5692	2023-12-16 20:44:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155170	Poa pratensis ssp. angustifolia		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5693	2023-12-16 20:46:57		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155199	Poa pratensis ssp. irrigata		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5694	2023-12-16 20:49:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155217	Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "More than 60 cultivars of Poa pratensis have been released in the Flora region. Plants grown from commercially distributed seed have generally been placed in subsp. pratensis by North American authors, but they appear to include genetic contributions from at least three major subspecies, e.g., subspp. angustifolia, pratensis, and irrigata. These and intermediate forms, especially those favoring subspp. irrigata and pratensis, are best simply referred to as Poa pratensis sensu lato or labeled as cultivated material.The chromosome counts listed here are numbers reported for the species that are probably not subspp. alpigena, angustifolia, or colpodea; they may represent subspp. irrigata or pratensis.<br><br>Poa pratensis subsp. pratensis grows throughout most of the range of the species, but is absent from the high arctic, and only sporadic in the low arctic. It usually has a few narrow, flat or involute, intravaginal shoot leaves, in addition to some broader, extravaginal shoot leaves, and is intermediate between subspp. angustifolia and irrigata. For a comparison, see the descriptions of those subspecies."
5695	2025-08-27 23:23:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155262	Poa secunda		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5696	2009-02-25 15:00:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155279	Poa secunda ssp. juncifolia		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia is usually more robust than subsp. secunda, and generally inhabits moister and sometimes saline habitats. It comprises two fairly distinct variants: a robust upland variant that is frequently used for revegetation (P. ampla Merr., Big Bluegrass) that grows in deep, rich, montane soils; and a riparian and wet meadow variant (P. juncifolia Scribn., Alkali Bluegrass). Apart from generally having glabrous lemmas, short ligules on the vegetative shoots, and leaf blades that hold their form better, P. secunda subsp. juncifolia differs anatomically in the predominance of sinuous-walled, rectangular long cells in the blade epidermis; smooth-walled, fusiform long cells are predominant in P. secunda subsp. secunda. Plants with glabrous lemmas and long ligules on the vegetative shoots have been called P. nevadensis Vasey ex Scribn.; they are intermediate between the subspecies. Chromosome numbers for P. secunda subsp. juncifolia center on 2n = 63, indicating a high degree of apomixis."
5697	2012-03-23 10:09:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155333	Poa secunda ssp. secunda	Poa multnomae	infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa secunda subsp. secunda comprises several forms or ecotypes which intergrade morphologically and overlap geographically. Its chromosome numbers are centered on 2n = 84. It generally grows in more xeric habitats than subsp. juncifolia; it is also common in alpine habitats. Some of the major variants, and the names that have been applied to them, are: scabrous plants, primarily from west of the Cascade/Sierra Nevada axis (P. scabrella (Thurb.) Benth. ex Vasey, Pine Bluegrass); smoother, large plants extending eastward (P. canbyi (Scribn.) Howell, Canby Bluegrass); tiny, early-spring-flowering plants of stony and mossy ground (P. sandbergii Vasey, Sandberg Bluegrass); and slender, sparse plants, generally of mesic shady habitats, with panicles that remain open (P. gracillima Vasey, Pacific Bluegrass). Alpine plants have been called P. incurva Scribn. & T.A. Williams.<br><br>Poa secunda subsp. secunda can be difficult to separate from P. stenantha var. stenantha. It differs in having more rounded lemma keels, hairs between the veins of the lemmas, and calluses that are glabrous or have hairs shorter than 0.2 mm. It also resembles P. tenerrima, but lacks that species' combination of persistently wide, open panicles, very scabrous branches, short-truncate ligules, and very fine foliage."
5698	2023-12-16 17:07:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155369	Poa stenantha		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5699	2023-12-16 17:09:29		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155370	Poa stenantha var. stenantha		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa stenantha grows in coastal meadows and on cliffs in subarctic and boreal forests; it is less common in moist, more southern subalpine and low alpine meadows and thickets. Its range extends from western Alaska to the northern Cascades and Rocky Mountains and, as a disjunct, to Patagonia. Poa stenantha was originally described as growing in Kamchatka, Russia, but the Russian plants have since been referred to other species.<br><br>Poa stenantha var. stenantha can be difficult to separate from P. secunda subsp. secunda. Its main distinguishing features are its strongly keeled lemmas with glabrous intercostal regions, and, when present, callus hairs longer than 0.2 mm. Plants with large panicles and glabrous calluses have been called P. macroclada Rydb. Such plants grow infrequently in the U.S. Rocky Mountain portion of the species\' range. They intergrade with the more compact typical form."
5700	2023-11-18 09:50:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155387	Poa suksdorfii		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa suksdorfii is a high alpine species of open rocky ground in the Pacific Northwest. It used to be interpreted (Hitchcock 1951) as including California populations that are now placed in Poa pringlei or P. keckii. Poa suksdorfii has narrow panicles like P. pringlei and P. curtifolia."
5701	2023-12-16 16:58:45		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155425	Poa trivialis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa trivialis is an introduced European species. Only Poa trivialis subsp. trivialis is present in the Flora region. Several cultivars have been planted for pastures and lawns, and have often escaped cultivation. Poa trivialis sometimes grows with P. paludigena, but has distinctly longer ligules and anthers. It is easily recognized by its flat blades, long ligules, sickle-shaped lower glumes, prominent callus webs, and lemmas with pubescent keels and pronounced lateral veins."
5702	2023-12-16 17:01:29		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155429	Poa trivialis ssp. trivialis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5703	2023-12-14 11:44:47		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155433	Poa unilateralis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5704	2023-12-14 11:47:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155436	Poa unilateralis ssp. pachypholis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa unilateralis subsp. pachypholis is known from populations in Lincoln County, Oregon, and Pacific County, Washington."
5705	2023-12-14 11:40:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155448	Poa wheeleri		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24:  "Poa wheeleri is common at mid- to high elevations, generally on the east side of the coastal mountains from British Columbia to California, and from Manitoba to New Mexico. It generally grows in submesic coniferous forests to subalpine habitats. Most plants have densely retrorsely pubescent or scabrous sheaths, involute innovation blades that are pubescent adaxially, and pistillate florets.<br><br>Poa wheeleri, a high polyploid apomictic species, probably arose from hybridization between P. cusickii and another member of the Poa nervosa complex. It resembles P. rhizomata and P. chambersii more than P. nervosa sensu stricto. It differs from P. chambersii in having at least some proximal sheaths that are densely retrorsely scabrous or pubescent (sometimes obscurely so), and folded or involute innovation blades that are scabrous to hispidulous on the adaxial surfaces. For a comparison with P. nervosa, see description. Natural hybrids have been found between P. wheeleri and P. pratensis."
5706	2009-08-03 09:22:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155456	Poaceae		family		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5707	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155457	Podagrostis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5708	2024-01-02 13:17:19		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155463	Podagrostis aequivalvis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Podagrostis aequivalvis grows along lake, bog, and stream margins, and in forest fens. it is common in the coastal regions of Alaska and British Columbia, and occurs less frequently inland, as well as to about 1500 m in the Cascade Mountains south to Oregon."<br><br> Note that the reference here to plants in Oregon is incorrect. This species goes no further south than Mount Rainier.
5709	2023-12-31 09:06:44		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155465	Podagrostis humilis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Podagrostis humilis is a western North American species that grows in undisturbed alpine and subalpine meadows and screes at over 3500 m, down to meadows, fens, and open woodlands at less than 200 m. It usually differs from P. thurberiana in overall size and in having narrower, more basally concentrated leaves. In the field, dwarf forms of P. humilis mimic Agrostis variabilis; they differ from that species in having paleas."
5710	2023-12-31 09:12:03		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155474	Podagrostis thurberiana		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Podagrostis thurberiana is a western North American species that grows in undisturbed alpine and subalpine meadows and screes at over 3500 m, down to meadows, fens, and open woodlands at less than 200 m, sometimes growing with P. humilis. It usually differs from that species in being taller in having wider, less basally concentrated leaves."
5711	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155571	Polypogon		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5712	2023-12-31 09:15:26		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155575	Polypogon australis		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Introduced and collected once, near Bingen, Kilicktat Co., Wash, (Suksdorf, 10091, in 1919) but not otherwise known from our area. It is considered excluded from the flora.<br><br>  FNA24: "Polypogon australis is native to South America. It has become established in western North America, where it grows alongside ditches and streams. The records from Washington and Oregon are from ballast dumps; it is not known from recent collections in those states."<br><br>
5713	2023-12-31 18:20:35		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155623	Polypogon fugax		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	This species is known from a single collection along the side of a major road in an industrial area in Seattle. It is not considered established in the flora.
5714	2023-12-31 18:24:21		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155644	Polypogon interruptus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from South America	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	We follow several floras (e.g., Jepson 2nd, Intermountain Flora), which treats this as native to South America, but see comments from FNA below.<br><br>  FNA24: "Polypogon interruptus grows in moist soil at lower elevations. It is native to the Western Hemisphere, extending south from the western United States into northern Mexico, and through the American tropics to Argentina and Bolivia. The more eastern records may indicate introductions; it is not known whether or not the species persists at these locations."
5715	2023-12-31 18:27:47		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155669	Polypogon monspeliensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Polypogon monspeliensis is native to southern Europe and Turkey. It is now a common weed throughout the world, including much of the Flora region. It grows in damp to wet, often alkaline soils, particularly in disturbed areas."
5716	2023-12-31 18:32:44		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155693	Polypogon viridis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring west of the Cascades crest and in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Polypogon viridis grows in mesic habitats associated with rivers, streams, and irrigation ditches. It is native from southern Europe to Pakistan, but is now established in the Flora region, particularly the southwestern United States. Records from the Atlantic coast are based on plants found on ballast dumps; there have been no recent collections from these locations.<br><br>In Europe, Polypogon viridis hybridizes with P. monspeliensis, forming P. ×adscendens Guss. ex Bertol.; no such hybrids have been reported from the Flora region."
5717	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155715	Psathyrostachys		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5718	2024-01-01 14:23:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155733	Psathyrostachys juncea		species		Y	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington, where likely more common than specimens or photo evidence suggests;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Psathyrostachys juncea is native to central Asia, primarily to the Russian and Mongolian steppes. It was introduced into North America as a forage grass. It has become established at various locations from the Yukon Territory through the prairie provinces to Arizona. It is drought resistant and tolerant of saline soils. In its native range, it grows on stony slopes and adjacent to roads,at elevations up to 5500 m.<br><br>Psathyrostachys juncea closely resembles Leymus cinereus, differing primarily in having a rachis that breaks up at maturity. Immature plants can be identified by their shorter ligules and the more uniform appearance of the spikelets compared to Leymus cinereus. Plants with pilose florets have been treated as a distinct taxon; such recognition is not merited."<br><br>Not in H&C
5719	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155752	Pseudelymus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5720	2009-07-31 08:31:00	Michael Marsh, Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155760	Pseudelymus saxicola		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "xPseudelymus saxicola consists of a hybrid between Pseudoroegneria spicata and Elymus elymoides.  It is a rather common hybrid in western North America.  It differs from E. albicans, which is thought to be derived from hybrids between P. spicata and E. lanceolatus, in lacking rhizomes, having longer awns on its glumes and lemmas, and having disarticulating rachises.  It is more likely to be confused with E. xsaundersii, but differs in its longer glume and lemma awns."<br><br>See ref.  to E.  saxicola under Agropyron scribneri Vasey, H&C p 457.
5721	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155767	Pseudoroegneria		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5722	2023-12-19 13:00:28		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155785	Pseudoroegneria spicata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Pseudoroegneria spicata is primarily a western North American species, extending from the east side of the coastal mountains to the western edge of the Great Plains, and from the Arctic Ocean to northern Mexico. It was also collected by Farwell in Keenewaw County, Michigan in 1895 (Voss 1972). It grows on medium-textured soils in arid and semiarid steppe, shrub-steppe, and open woodland communities, and was one of the dominant species in grassland communities of the Columbia and Snake river plains (Daubenmire 1939, 1960). It is still an important forage plant in the northern portion of the Intermountain region. Several cultivars have been developed.<br><br>Rhizomatous plants are favored in relatively moist habitats, and cespitose plants in dry habitats (Daubenmire 1960). Daubenmire noted that rhizomatous plants produce few inflorescences and, possibly for this reason, are collected less frequently than cespitose plants. Daubenmire also found that awn length varies continuously within plants grown from seed. He concluded that the ability to produce rhizomes and unawned plants is heritable, that the two characters are not linked, and that the form which becomes dominant at a local site is determined by environmental conditions.<br><br>The unawned phase tends to be more restricted in its distribution than the awned phase, being dominant in the native grasslands of southern British Columbia, eastern Washington, northern Idaho, and northern and eastern Oregon; the awned phase is found throughout the range of the species. Many populations include awned and unawned plants, as well as some that have poorly developed awns on some lemmas. Awned autotetraploid populations grow in mesic grassland and woodland communities of the hills and mountains of southern British Columbia and eastern Washington.<br><br>Based on informal observations, plant breeders working with Pseudoroegneria spicata consider that awn presence is determined by a single major gene, and modified by some minor genes. The unawned condition is apparently dominant, as seed from crosses of heterozygotic, diploid, unawned parents gives rise to around 50% awned offspring.<br><br>The above observations make it clear that the awned and unawned phases of Pseudoroegneria spicata are of little taxonomic significance, despite their evident morphological difference. If it is considered necessary to distinguish between them, the awned phase can be called Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve forma spicata and the unawned phase P. spicata forma inermis (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Barkworth.<br><br>Plants with densely pubescent leaves are known from the east slope of the Cascade Mountains in Washington. Plants with nearly as densely pubescent leaves are found elsewhere in southern Washington and northeastern Oregon. Such pubescent plants may be called Pseudoroegneria spicata forma pubescens (Elmer) Barkworth.<br><br>Pseudoroegneria spicata used to be confused with Elymus wawawaiensis, from which it differs in its more widely spaced spikelets and wider, less stiff glumes. The two species are geographically sympatric, but P. spicata grows in medium- to fine-textured loess soils, and E. wawawaiensis in shallow, rocky soils. Pseudoroegneria spicata may also be confused with Elymus arizonicus, particularly with immature specimens of that species or specimens mounted so that they appear to have erect, rather than drooping, spikes. It differs in having shorter, truncate ligules and generally thicker culms than E. arizonicus, and in having a distribution that extends much further north.<br><br>Pseudoroegneria spicata has been suggested as one of the parents in numerous natural hybrids with species of Elymus in the Flora region. These hybrids are usually mostly sterile, but development of even a few viable seeds permits introgression to occur, as well as the formation of distinctive populations. It is often difficult to detect such hybrids, particularly if they involve the unawned form of Pseudoroegneria. The named hybrids are treated under ×Pseudelymus (p. ??). Others are discussed under the Elymus parent."
5723	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155818	Puccinellia	Torreyochloa	genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5724	2024-01-01 15:28:44		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155883	Puccinellia distans		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Note different authority for specific name, H&C vs. FNA.<br><br>FNA24: "Puccinellia distans is a Eurasian native, reportedly introduced in North America, where it is widespread, particularly as a weed in non-littoral environments, including the margins of salted roads. It is also found occasionally in coastal environments."
5726	2024-01-01 15:34:37		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155994	Puccinellia maritima		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5727	2024-01-01 15:38:27		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156017	Puccinellia nutkaensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Likely to be more common in WA than previous thought based on results from 2005-09 San Juan Island surveys.  <br><br>FNA24: "Puccinellia nutkaensis grows in coastal habitats of continental North America and Greenland, generally in sand and stones in protected intertidal environments. It is variable in form, ranging from diminutive plants that resemble P. pumila to tall, erect plants, often with dense or open inflorescences, resembling P. nuttalliana. Larger plants on the Pacific coast have been called P. grandis Swallen, and those on the Atlantic coast P. lucida Fernald & Weath., but there are many plants of intermediate stature."
5728	2020-04-01 11:31:41		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156040	Puccinellia nuttalliana		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Puccinellia nuttalliana is a widespread and variable species, restricted to the Flora region. It grows principally in the interior, but is also found in coastal settings, where it is difficult to distinguish from P. nutkaensis. Northern, primarily boreal or southern arctic populations with relatively short lemmas and anthers (2–2.8 mm and 0.6–0.9 mm, respectively), and with a few long hairs on the lower palea veins, have sometimes been recognized as P. borealis Swallen."
5729	2024-01-01 16:46:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156087	Puccinellia pumila		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Puccinellia pumila is primarily North American, growing on the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic coasts. It also grows in Kamchatka, Russia (Tsvelev 1995). It generally grows in sand and among stones in protected intertidal environments. A few specimens with exceptionally long glumes and lemmas were treated by Fernald and Weatherby (1916) as P. paupercula var. longiglumis Fernald & Weath.; they are regarded here as representing extremes of P. pumila.<br><br>Puccinellia alaskana Scribn. & Merr., here included in P. pumila, was considered a subspecies of P. langeana (Berlin) T.J. Sørensen ex Hultén [= P. tenella] by Sørensen (1953), but more closely resembles P. pumila. It differs morphologically from P. pumila mainly in its relatively distinct lemma veins. It also differs from most specimens of P. pumila in having smaller lemmas (2.5–3 mm) and anthers (0.5–0.9 mm), and in being diploid. It represents the Aleutian Islands component of the geographic distribution given for P. pumila. Its status is currently under investigation. Molecular data obtained as this volume went to press (Consaul et al. [in prep.]) tend to support recognition of P. alaskana as a distinct species."
5730	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156204	Redfieldia		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5731	2024-01-01 16:50:55		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156206	Redfieldia flexuosa		species		Y	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from central United States	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington, where likely planted for dune stabilization.	{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	FNA25: "Redfieldia flexuosa grows on sand hills and dunes. It is a common and important soil binder in blowout areas and has been planted for that purpose beyond its native range. It is only fair livestock forage but, because it grows in areas subject to blowout, this should not be of concern."<br><br>Not in H&C<br>Reported as an introduction in Washington for erosion control by Hatch (2003).
5732	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156742	Sasa		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5733	2024-01-04 04:50:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156747	Sasa palmata		species		Y	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from Asia	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5734	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156795	Schedonorus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5735	2024-01-01 17:33:58		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156820	Schedonorus arundinaceus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest  in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "chedonorus arundinaceus is a Eurasian species that has been introduced to the Flora region. It is grown for forage, soil stabilization, and coarse turf. It is now cultivated in all but the coldest and most arid parts of North America, and often escapes. It is frequently infected with the endophytic fungi Neotyphodium coenophialum, which confers insect and drought resistance to the plant, among other benefits; it also produces ergot alkaloids that are toxic to livestock. Varieties with endophyte strains that do not produce toxic ergot alkaloids have been developed (Nihsen et al. 2004).<br><br>NOTE ADDED May 2009: The name Schedonorus arundinaceus is correct, not S. phoenix. There is a potential problem with the name S. arundinaceus but Drs. Kanchi Gandhi and Mary Barkworth will take action to address it in the near future. The grass portion of the PLANTS database, which shows S. phoenix as the correct name, has not been updated to reflect nomenclatural and taxonomic changes since 2006 although many changes to other parts of the database have been made. Keeping any web site current, including this one, is a problem. "
5736	2024-01-01 17:33:22		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156851	Schedonorus pratensis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring in scattered localities on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Schedonorus pratensis is a Eurasian species that is now widely established in the Flora region. It used to be a popular forage grass in the contiguous United States and southern Canada, but is now rarely planted."
5737	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	156932	Schizachyrium		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5738	2024-01-02 18:56:26		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157169	Schizachyrium scoparium		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5739	2024-01-02 20:19:33		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157198	Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium grows in a variety of soils and in open habitats. It was once a dominant component of the prairie grasslands that extended through the central plains of North America and into Mexico, but it has largely been replaced by fields of maize, wheat, sorghum, sunflowers, and field mustard. It is the most variable of the varieties recognized within S. scoparium, with morphological features that vary independently and continuously across its range, coming together in distinctive combinations in some regions. Some of these phases have been named as varieties, or even species, but they have proven to be untenable taxonomic entities when plants from throughout the range of the species are considered."
5740	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157256	Sclerochloa		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5741	2024-01-02 20:23:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157265	Sclerochloa dura		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "First collected in the United States in 1895, Sclerochloa dura is probably more widespread than indicated, because it is easily overlooked. It grows in lawns, campsites, roadsides, athletic fields, fairgrounds, and other disturbed sites. It is frequently found in severely compacted soils, because it can withstand heavy traffic by vehicles and pedestrians.<br><br>Sclerochloa dura is sometimes confused with Poa annua. The two species are superficially similar, occupy similar habitats, and have a similar phenology, but S. dura has blunt, glabrous lemmas and racemose inflorescences, whereas P. annua has obtuse to acute lemmas that are smooth and usually sericeous or crisply puberulent over the veins, and paniculate inflorescences. Plants of S. dura become stramineous in age, making them easy to locate because areas dominated by this species change color."
5742	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157267	Scleropoa		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5743	2023-12-31 09:24:06		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157279	Scleropoa rigida		species		Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"Not at WTU; WS?"}	Known in Washington only from historic collection in Suksdorf\'s garden.<br><br>FNA24: "Desmazeria rigida is native to Europe, and appears to have no distinctive habitat preferences. In the Flora region, it is now established as a weed in disturbed sites such as roadsides, ditches, and the edges of fields. It is probably more widespread than indicated on the map because herbarium records of weed distributions are often poor."
5744	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157313	Scribneria		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5745	2024-01-02 18:49:23		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157315	Scribneria bolanderi		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in the Columbia River Gorge in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Scribneria is a monospecific genus that is native from Washington to Mexico.<br><br>Scribneria bolanderi grows between 500-3000 m. It grows in diverse habitats, ranging from dry, sandy or rocky soils to seepages and vernal pools. It is often overlooked because it is relatively inconspicuous. Its range extends south into Baja California, Mexico."
5746	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157323	Secale		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5747	2024-01-03 21:18:47		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157324	Secale cereale		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Secale cereale is one of the world\'s most important cereal grasses; it is also widely used in North America for soil stabilization and, particularly in Canada, for whisky. When dry, the spike is often distinctly nodding.<br><br>Frederiksen and Petersen (1998) placed cultivated plants with a nondisarticulating rachis into Secale cereale L. subsp. cereale, and wild or weedy plants with a more fragile rachis into Secale cereale subsp. ancestrale Zhuk."
5748	2024-01-04 04:16:57		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157328	Secale strictum		species		Y	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington, where known only from Whitman County in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5749	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157341	Setaria		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5750	2024-01-04 04:55:07		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157391	Setaria faberi		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from China	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5751	2024-01-04 04:58:26		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157436	Setaria italica		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from China	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Setaria italica was cultivated in China as early as 2700 B.C. and during the Stone Age in Europe. Nowdays it is grown mostly for hay or as a pasture grass, but it has been used as a substitute for rice in northern China. It is sometimes cultivated in North America, but it is better known as a weed in moist ditches, mostly in the northeastern United States. It is closely related to S. viridis, differing in the longer (3 mm) spikelets and smooth, shiny upper florets which readily disarticulate above the lower florets. It exhibits considerable variation in seed and bristle color, bristle length, and panicle shape. Using these characters, Hubbard (1915) recognized several infraspecific taxa; they are not treated here."
5752	2024-01-04 20:23:12		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157703	Setaria pumila		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5753	2024-01-04 20:27:10		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157711	Setaria pumila ssp. pallide-fusca		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Setaria pumila subsp. pallidefusca is native to tropical Africa. It is now established as a weed in southeastern Louisiana, but it has also been collected in the past on ballast dumps in Portland, Oregon."
5754	2024-01-04 20:29:09		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157716	Setaria pumila ssp. pumila		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Setaria pumila subsp. pumila is a European adventive that has become a common weed in lawns and cultivated fields throughout temperate North America."
5755	2024-01-04 20:54:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157899	Setaria verticillata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Setaria verticillata is a European adventive that is now common throughout the cooler regions of the contiguous United States and in southern Canada. It is an aggressive weed in the vineyards of central California. Reports of S. carnei Hitchc. from North America are based on misidentification of this species.<br><br>Setaria verticillata resembles S. adhaerans, but differs in having longer panicles and spikelets, sheath margins that are ciliate distally, and blades that are scabrous, not hairy. Setaria verticillata is a more northern species than S. adhaerans, but their ranges overlap in the Flora region."
5756	2024-01-06 09:34:59		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157938	Setaria viridis		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5757	2024-01-06 09:37:29		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	157959	Setaria viridis var. viridis		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Setaria viridis var. viridis is an aggressive adventive weed throughout temperate North America. It is the most common annual representative of Setaria in the Flora region."
5758	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158158	Sorghum		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5759	2024-01-06 09:42:29		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158232	Sorghum bicolor		species		Y	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from Africa	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Sorghum bicolor was domesticated in Africa 3000 years ago, reached northwestern India before 2500 B.C., and became an important crop in China after the Mongolian conquest. It was introduced to the Western Hemisphere in the early sixteenth century, and is now an important crop in the United States and Mexico. Numerous cultivated strains exist, some of which have been formally named. They are all interfertile with each other and with other wild species of Sorghum.<br><br> All the cultivated sorghums are placed in Sorghum bicolor subsp. bicolor. Grain sorghums have short panicles and panicle branches, broomcorns have elongate panicles and panicle branches, and sweet sorghums or sorgho produce an abundance of sweet juice in their stems. For a more detailed treatment, see Harlan and de Wet (1972)."
5760	2024-01-06 11:19:27		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158330	Sorghum halepense		species		Y	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from Mediterranean	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Rhizomatous noxious weed.<br><br>FNA25: "Sorghum halepense is native to the Mediterranean region. It is sometimes grown for forage in North America, but it is considered a serious weed in warmer parts of the United States. It hybridizes readily with S. bicolor, and derivatives of such hybrids are widespread. The annual Sorghum almum Parodi, which has wider (2-2.8 mm) sessile spikelets with more veins in the lower glumes (13-15 versus 10-13) than S. halepense, is one such derivative."
5761	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158352	Spartina		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5762	2024-01-06 11:23:13		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158359	Spartina alterniflora		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from the Atlantic coast of North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in southwestern Washington	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "partina alterniflora is found on muddy banks, usually of the intertidal zone, in eastern North and South America, but it is not known from Central America. In addition, it has become established on the west coast of North America, England, southeastern France, and China. It hybridizes with S. maritima in Europe, with S. pectinata in Massachusetts, and with S. foliosa in California.<br><br>The rhizomes and scales of S. alterniflora have large air spaces, presumably an adaptation to the anaerobic soils of its usual habitat. Decaploid plants tend to be larger than octoploids, but they cannot be reliably distinguished without a chromosome count.<br><br>Spartina alterniflora is considered a serious threat to coastal ecosystems in Washington and California. It out-competes many of the native species in these habitats and frequently invades mud flats and channels, converting them to marshlands. Pure S. alterniflora grows within the lower elevational marsh zones in its native range but, in San Francisco Bay, its hybrids with S. foliosa grow both below and above the range of that species."
5763	2024-01-06 11:26:42		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158379	Spartina anglica		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Spartina anglica is a naturally formed amphidiploid, derived from S. ×townsendii, that was first recognized as a separate species in 1968. It has been introduced (like S. ×townsendii) for reclamation of tidal mudflats. It differs from Spartina ×townsendii in its wider and more widely divergent upper blades, longer ligules, longer, more hairy spikelets, and longer, well-filled anthers."
5764	2024-01-06 11:39:18		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158400	Spartina densiflora		species		Y	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced from Chile	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Recently reported from Grays Harbor County, WA.<br><br>FNA25: "Spartina densiflora is native to South America, where it grows in coastal marshes and at inland sites. It was introduced to Humboldt Bay, Humboldt County, California, possibly during the nineteenth century. It is now established there and in several locations around San Francisco Bay and in Washington, Oregon, and Texas, as well as the Mediterranean coast of Europe. In California, it has often been mistaken for S. foliosa, from which it differs in its indurate culms, narrow, inrolled leaves, and cespitose growth habit and tendency to grow among Salicornia in the upper intertidal zone or in open mud.<br><br>The chromosome count was obtained by Gerish (1979), who reported it for Spartina foliosa, but Spicher and Josselyn (1985) demonstrated that the plants he worked with were almost certainly S. densiflora, a species that hitherto had been misidentified as the native S. foliosa."
5765	2024-01-06 11:44:18		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158409	Spartina gracilis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Spartina gracilis is found on the margins of alkaline lakes and along stream margins and river bottoms. Its range extends from the southern portion of the Northwest Territories, Canada, to central Mexico."
5766	2024-01-06 14:09:48		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158420	Spartina patens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from the Atlantic Coast of North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington, where known from Jefferson County.	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Spartina patens grows in coastal salt and brackish waters. It is native to the east coast of North and Central America, extending through the Caribbean Islands to the north coast of South America, but is now established at scattered locations on the west coast of Canada and the United States. On the east coast, it is usually one of the dominant components of coastal salt marshes, frequently extending from the dry, sandy beach above the intertidal zone well up into the drier portions of the marshes. The older inland collections are from areas associated with brine deposits or saline soils, but there is some indication that the species range is increasing inland because of the use of salt to de-ice roads in winter.<br><br>The inflorescence of Spartina patens is similar to that of S. bakeri when young, but its inflorescence branches usually diverge at maturity, whereas those of S. bakeri remain appressed.<br><br>Spartina patens is probably one of the parents of S. ×caespitosa, S. pectinata being the other. Unlike S. ×caespitosa, S. patens grows in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats."
5767	2024-01-06 14:15:32		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158432	Spartina pectinata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Spartina pectinata is native to Canada and the United States, but it has been introduced at scattered locations on other continents. On the Atlantic coast, it grows in marshes, sloughs, and flood plains, being a common constituent of ice-scoured zones of the northeast and growing equally well in salt and fresh water habitats. In western North America, it grows in both wet and dry soils, including dry prairie habitats and along roads and railroads.<br><br>Spartina pectinata is thought to be one of the parents of S. ×caespitosa, the other parent being S. patens."
5768	2024-01-06 14:21:55		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158447	Spartina townsendii		species	named	Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring west of the Cascades crest along the coast;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Sterile hybrid often confused with Spartina anglica, reported in H&C from Stanwood, Snohomish Co.<br><br>FNA25: "Spartina ×townsendii is a sterile hybrid between the European S. maritima and the American S. alterniflora. It seems to have formed spontaneously at several locations in Europe, often taking over the areas formerly occupied by its progenitors. At some locations it has given rise to the fertile amphiploid S. anglica, from which it differs morphologically in its narrower, less divergent upper blades, shorter ligules, shorter, less hairy spikelets, and poorly filled, indehiscent anthers. Spartina ×townsendii has been used throughout the world for tideland reclamation because it is easy to establish, but it displaces native species."
5769	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158458	Sphenopholis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5770	2024-01-06 16:32:48		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158475	Sphenopholis intermedia		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Sphenopholis intermedia grows at 0–2500 m in wet to damp sites, sites that dry out after the growing season, and sites with clay soils that retain moisture. Restricted to the Flora region, it is found in forests, meadows, and waste places throughout most of the region other than the high arctic. It differs from Koeleria macrantha, with which it is sometimes confused, in its more open panicles and in having spikelets that disarticulate below the glumes."
5771	2024-01-06 16:25:12		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158544	Sphenopholis obtusata		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Sphenopholis obtusata grows in prairies, marshes, dunes, forests, and waste places, at 0–2500 m. Its range extends from British Columbia to New Brunswick, through most of the United States, to southern Mexico and the Caribbean. The distal lemmas of S. obtusata are occasionally somewhat scabrous. Such plants can be distinguished from S. nitida by their narrower lower glumes, from S. filiformis by their wider leaves, and from S. pensylvanica by their shorter, unawned spikelets. Hybrids with S. pensylvanica, called Sphenopholis ×pallens, have short (0.1–4 mm) awns on the distal lemmas."
5772	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158585	Sporobolus		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5773	2021-10-21 06:51:20		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158607	Sporobolus airoides		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	rare in WA?<br><br>FNA25: "Sporobolus airoides grows on dry, sandy to gravelly flats or slopes, at elevations from 50-2350 m. It is usually associated with alkaline soils. Its range extends into northern Mexico."
5774	2024-01-06 18:36:05		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158644	Sporobolus compositus		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5775	2024-01-06 18:39:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158649	Sporobolus compositus var. compositus		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Sporobolus compositus grows along roadsides and railroad right of ways, on beaches, and in cedar glades, pine woods, live oak-pine forests, prairies, and other partially disturbed, semi-open sites at 0-1600 m. Its range lies entirely within the Flora region.<br><br>The Sporobolus compositus complex is a difficult assemblage of forms, perhaps affected by their primarily autogamous breeding system (Riggins 1977). Asexual proliferation via rhizomes adds to the species ability to maintain local population structure and to perpetuate unique character combinations.
5776	2023-10-13 13:46:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158667	Sporobolus cryptandrus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Sporobolus cryptandrus is a widespread North American species, extending from Canada into Mexico. It grows in sandy soils and washes, on rocky slopes and calcareous ridges, and along roadsides in salt-desert scrub, pinyon-juniper woodlands, yellow pine forests, and desert grasslands. Its elevational range is 0-2900 m."
5777	2024-01-06 18:32:04		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158785	Sporobolus neglectus		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Treated in FNA as native, commonly in disturbed sites, rare in WA<br><br>FNA25: "Sporobolus neglectus is native to the Flora region, and grows at 0-1300 m in sandy soils, on river shores, and in dry, open areas within many plant communities, often in disturbed sites. It appears to have been extirpated from Maine and Maryland and is considered endangered or of special concern in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New Jersey.<br><br>Sporobolus vaginiflorus is very similar to S. neglectus, but it differs in having strigose lemmas, sheaths that are sparsely hairy towards the base and, usually, longer spikelets."
5778	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159090	Taeniatherum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5779	2024-01-06 16:37:39		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159096	Taeniatherum caput-medusae		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Taeniatherum caput-medusae is native from Portugal and Morocco east to Kyrgyzstan. It usually grows on stony soils, and flowers from May–June (July). It is an aggressive invader of disturbed sites in the western United States, where it has become a serious problem on rangelands. It has been found as a rare introduction at several sites in the eastern United States, but may not persist there. It is listed as a noxious weed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.<br><br>Frederiksen (1986) recognized three subspecies within Taeniatherum caput-medusae, distinguishing among them on the basis of morphology and geography. Plants in the Flora region belong to Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. caput-medusae. It differs from the other two subspecies in its longer glumes and shorter lemmas."
5780	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159169	Thinopyrum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5781	2024-01-06 20:05:22		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159195	Thinopyrum intermedium		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5782	2024-01-06 20:10:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159212	Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. barbulatum		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Thinopyrum intermedium is native to Europe and western Asia. It has been widely introduced in western North America for erosion control, revegetation, forage, and hay. One of its advantages for erosion control and revegetation is that it establishes rapidly in many different habitats. In its native range, it grows in dry areas with sandy or stony soils. In Europe, it forms sterile hybrids with Elymus repens; no such hybrids are known from North America.<br><br>Several subspecies have been recognized within Thinopyrum intermedium, usually based on differences in vestiture of the glumes and lemmas, presence or absence of lemma awns, and color of the plants. Assadi (1994) commented that there was little correlation between the different character states. He grew seeds from several wild plants and, even when most of the offspring resembled the parent plant, there was often segregation of other variants. Crossing experiments showed that hybrids between the morphological variants were fertile and usually had regular meiosis. He noted, however, that the plants with glabrous spikelets tended to grow in mesophytic habitats, those with hairy glumes and lemmas on dry slopes, and those with ciliate glumes and lemmas at the edges of fields and in wet places. This difference in habitat preference was reiterated by Ogle (2001). Because of this ecological distinction, they are formally recognized here as subspecies. Plants with hairs only on the outer edges of their lemmas are included under T. intemedium subsp. intermedium. They may be derived from crosses between the hairy and glabrous plants, a possibility that has not been experimentally evaluated. There seems to be little correlation between spikelet vestiture and that of the leaves and stems.<br><br> There is no known difference in geographic distribution between subsp. intermedium and subsp. barbulatum. Ogle (2001) states that T. intermedium subsp. intermedium is adapted to areas with 12-13 inches of rainfall per year."
5783	2024-01-06 20:15:12		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159216	Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. intermedium		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Thinopyrum intermedium is native to Europe and western Asia. It has been widely introduced in western North America for erosion control, revegetation, forage, and hay. One of its advantages for erosion control and revegetation is that it establishes rapidly in many different habitats. In its native range, it grows in dry areas with sandy or stony soils. In Europe, it forms sterile hybrids with Elymus repens; no such hybrids are known from North America.<br><br>Several subspecies have been recognized within Thinopyrum intermedium, usually based on differences in vestiture of the glumes and lemmas, presence or absence of lemma awns, and color of the plants. Assadi (1994) commented that there was little correlation between the different character states. He grew seeds from several wild plants and, even when most of the offspring resembled the parent plant, there was often segregation of other variants. Crossing experiments showed that hybrids between the morphological variants were fertile and usually had regular meiosis. He noted, however, that the plants with glabrous spikelets tended to grow in mesophytic habitats, those with hairy glumes and lemmas on dry slopes, and those with ciliate glumes and lemmas at the edges of fields and in wet places. This difference in habitat preference was reiterated by Ogle (2001). Because of this ecological distinction, they are formally recognized here as subspecies. Plants with hairs only on the outer edges of their lemmas are included under T. intemedium subsp. intermedium. They may be derived from crosses between the hairy and glabrous plants, a possibility that has not been experimentally evaluated. There seems to be little correlation between spikelet vestiture and that of the leaves and stems.<br><br> There is no known difference in geographic distribution between subsp. intermedium and subsp. barbulatum. Ogle (2001) states that T. intermedium subsp. intermedium is adapted to areas with 12-13 inches of rainfall per year."
5784	2023-03-16 07:40:52		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159241	Thinopyrum ponticum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Thinopyrum ponticum is native to southern Europe and western Asia. In the Flora region, it is planted along roadsides for soil stabilization and is spreading naturally, in cooler areas, because of its tolerance of the saline conditions caused by salting roads in winter.<br><br>In its native range, Thinopyrum ponticum grows in dry and/or saline soils. It is sometimes treated as a subspecies of T. elongatum (Host) D.R. Dewey, a diploid species that grows in maritime regions of western Europe."
5785	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159304	Torreyochloa		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5786	2024-01-07 07:38:46		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159314	Torreyochloa pallida		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5787	2024-01-07 07:43:20		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159345	Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5788	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159689	Tripidium		genus		N	N	N	Y	N	N	I	Introduced			
5789	2023-03-16 12:49:04		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159708	Tripidium ravennae		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in southeastern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5790	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159726	Triplasis		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5791	2024-01-07 07:51:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159747	Triplasis purpurea		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from central and eastern North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington in the Lower Columbia River area;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5792	2024-01-07 07:52:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159752	Triplasis purpurea var. purpurea		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from central and eastern North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington in the Lower Columbia River area;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA25: "Triplasis purpurea grows in sandy soils throughout the eastern and central portion of the Flora region, extending southward through Mexico to Costa Rica. It is far more common in maritime dunes than T. americana. Plants in the Flora region belong to Triplasis purpurea (Walter) Chapm. var. purpurea."<br><br>Not in H&C; recently collected as a weed on the silty shores of the lower Columbia River in Clark Co.
5793	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159835	Trisetum	Graphephorum	genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5794	2024-01-06 16:54:38		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159859	Trisetum canescens		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Trisetum canescens grows at or near stream banks, and in forest margins or interiors, in moist to dry areas in the western Flora region. It is especially abundant in ponderosa pine stands and spruce-fir forests. The vestiture of different parts varies throughout the range of the species. Plants from California with conspicuously interrupted panicles have been called Trisetum cernuum var. projectum (Louis-Marie) Beetle."
5795	2024-01-06 16:58:52		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159893	Trisetum cernuum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Trisetum cernuum grows in moist woods, stream banks, lake and pond shores, and floodplains of the western Flora region. The hairiness of the leaf sheaths varies, often within a plant."
5796	2024-01-06 17:07:49		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	159920	Trisetum flavescens		species		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia and northern Africa	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	This species is known in Washington from a single collection from a cultivated setting. It is not considered established in the flora. <br><br>FNA24: "Trisetum flavescens grows in seeded pastures, roadsides, and as a weed in croplands. Native to Europe, west Asia, and north Africa, it was introduced into the Flora region because of its drought resistance, wide soil tolerance, and high palatability to domestic livestock. It is one of the few range plants known to contain calcinogenic glycosides, which can lead to vitamin D toxicity in grazing animals (Dixon 1995). This species seems not to have persisted in southern Ontario (Michael Oldham, pers. comm.). Several infraspecific taxa have been recognized; no attempt has been made to determine which are present in the Flora region."
5797	2024-01-06 16:48:35		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160023	Trisetum spicatum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest throughout Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Many infraspecific taxa have been based on the variation in vestiture and openness of the panicle, but none appears to be justified (see Finot et al. 2004 for a different opinion). "
5798	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160099	Triticum		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5799	2024-01-01 21:25:54		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160101	Triticum aestivum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Triticum aestivum is the most widely cultivated wheat. Both winter and spring types are grown in the Flora region. In addition to being grown for bread flour, T. aestivum cultivars are used for pastry-grade flour, Oriental-style soft noodles, and cereals.<br><br>Club wheats, sometimes called Triticum compactum Host, are cultivated in the Pacific Northwest for export to Asian markets. They have short (3.5–6 cm), compressed spikes, with up to 25 spikelets having 2–6 florets. Their spike shape varies from oblong or oval with uniformly distributed spikelets to club-shaped with spikelets crowded towards the apex.<br><br>No wild hexaploid progenitors of Triticum aestivum are known, but the two distinguishing characteristics of wild Tritcum species, fragile rachises breaking into wedge-shaped units and closely appressed glumes, are found in plants cultivated in Tibet and named T. aestivum subsp. tibetanum J.Z. Shao."
5800	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160408	Vahlodea		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5801	2024-01-01 20:47:14		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160430	Vahlodea atropurpurea		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Vahlodea atropurpurea grows in moist to wet, open woods, forest edges, streamsides, snowbeds, and meadows, in montane to alpine and subarctic habitats. Plants from northwestern North America tend to have wider, more pubescent leaves and shorter lemma hairs than those elsewhere. They are sometimes treated as a distinct taxon, but the variation is continuous."
5802	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160454	Ventenata		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5803	2024-01-01 20:40:56		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160459	Ventenata dubia		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia and northern Africa	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "The first North American collection of Ventenata dubia was made in Washington in 1952. It is now established in crop and pasture lands of eastern Washington and western Idaho (Old and Callihan 1986) and has been found, but has not necessarily become established, at scattered locations elsewhere. Mature specimens can be confusing because the first, straight-awned floret remains after the distal, bisexual florets have disarticulated (Chambers 1985).\\'
5804	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160469	Vulpia		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5805	2024-01-01 20:36:25		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160491	Vulpia bromoides		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Vulpia bromoides is a common European species that grows in wet to dry, open habitats. It is adventive and naturalized in North and South America. In North America, it is most common on the west coast, where it grows from British Columbia to northern Baja California; it occurs sparingly in other regions."
5806	2024-01-01 20:29:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160520	Vulpia microstachys		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "FNA24: "Vulpia microstachys is native to western North America, growing from British Columbia south through the western United States into Baja California. Four varieties are recognized here on the basis of spikelet indumentum, but they frequently occur together, and intergrading forms are known. No difference in their geographic or ecological distribution is known."<br><br>In light of the lack of distinction among varieties, we are recognizing only the species level taxon."
5807	2020-04-26 08:07:44		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160570	Vulpia myuros		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Europe	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Vulpia myuros grows in well-drained, sandy soils and disturbed sites. It is native to Europe and North Africa. Vulpia myuros f. megalura (Nutt.) Stace & R. Cotton differs from Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. f. myuros in having ciliate lemma margins. It was once thought to be native to North America, but it occurs throughout the European and North African range of f. myuros, even in undisturbed areas."
5808	2024-01-07 08:58:01		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160587	Vulpia octoflora		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WS"}	
5809	2024-01-07 09:00:34		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160591	Vulpia octoflora var. hirtella		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WS"}	FNA24: "Vulpia octoflora, a widespread native species, tends to be displaced by the introduced Bromus tectorum in the Pacific Northwest. It grows in grasslands, sagebrush, and open woodlands, as well as in disturbed habitats and areas of secondary succession, such as old fields, roadsides, and ditches. Three varieties are recognized here, but their characterization is not completely satisfactory, e.g., plants of the southwestern United States with spikelets in the size range of var. glauca often have densely pubescent lemmas, the distinguishing characteristic of var. hirtella.<br><br>Vulpia octoflora var. hirtella is most frequent from British Columbia south through the western United States and into Mexico. It is the most common variey of V. octoflora in the southwest.
5810	2024-01-07 09:03:44		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160594	Vulpia octoflora var. octoflora		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Vulpia octoflora, a widespread native species, tends to be displaced by the introduced Bromus tectorum in the Pacific Northwest. It grows in grasslands, sagebrush, and open woodlands, as well as in disturbed habitats and areas of secondary succession, such as old fields, roadsides, and ditches. Three varieties are recognized here, but their characterization is not completely satisfactory, e.g., plants of the southwestern United States with spikelets in the size range of var. glauca often have densely pubescent lemmas, the distinguishing characteristic of var. hirtella.<br><br>Vulpia octoflora var. octoflora is widespread throughout southern Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and has been introduced into temperate regions of South America, Europe, and Asia. It is most common from northern Oklahoma to Virginia, south to the Texas Gulf prairie and Florida."
5811	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160626	Zea		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced			
5812	2023-12-31 17:52:03		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160636	Zea mays		species		N	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	While plants occasionally become established from areas where seed spills, etc., there is no evidence that these are sefl-sustaining populations.
5813	2023-12-31 17:53:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160669	Zea mays ssp. mays		infraspecies		Y	Y	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from Mexico		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	While plants occasionally become established from areas where seed spills, etc., there is no evidence that these are sefl-sustaining populations.
5814	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160761	Zizania		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
5815	2024-01-07 09:10:11		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160777	Zizania palustris		species		N	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from eastern and cerntal North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
5816	2024-01-07 09:13:52		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	160786	Zizania palustris var. palustris		infraspecies		Y	N	N	N	N	N	I	Introduced from central and eastern North America	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Introduced throughout western North America for waterfowl food.<br><br>FNA24: "Zizania palustris var. palustris grows in the shallow water of lakes and streams, often forming extensive stands in northern lakes. It has been introduced to British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Idaho, Arizona, and West Virginia for waterfowl food; some of the stands in the Canadian prairies may also have resulted from planting (Aiken et al. 1988)."
10615	2022-03-08 16:25:35		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158887	Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. vaginiflorus		infraspecies		Y	N		N	N	N	I	Introduced from central and eastern North America.	Occurring in scattered locations on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"ID"}	Collected in Pend Oreille County in 2019.
10632	2023-12-31 18:35:19		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155656	Polypogon maritimus		species		Y	N		N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Known from east of the Cascades crest in Klickitat County in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	First collected in WA in 2019 in Klickitat County.
12390	2023-11-24 08:04:31		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	192677	Brachypodium sylvaticum ssp. sylvaticum		infraspecies		Y	N		N	N	N	I	Introduced Eurasia and North Africa	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in lowland western Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
12433	2024-03-01 15:03:20		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	192739	Alopecurus aequalis var. aequalis		infraspecies		Y	N		N	N	N	N	Native	Widely distributed on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Alopecurus aequalis is native to temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. It generally grows in wet meadows, forest openings, shores, springs, and along streams, as well as in ditches, along roadsides, and in other disturbed sites, from sea level to subalpine elevations.  Alopecurus aequalis is the most widespread and variable species of Alopecurus in the Flora region."
19278	2023-12-24 10:40:24		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	149746	Muhlenbergia filiformis		species		Y	N		N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
23404	2022-02-17 12:01:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	151806	Panicum virgata		species		Y	N		N	N	N	I	Introduced from central and eastern North America		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
23405	2022-02-17 11:59:42		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	212844	Panicum giblinianum		species		Y	N		N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
23406	2022-02-17 12:06:53		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	212845	Panicum virgatum		species		Y	N		N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
23409	2024-01-06 18:42:08		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	158879	Sporobolus vaginiflorus		species		N	N		N	N	N	I	Introduced from eastern North America	Occurring in scattered locations on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"ID"}	First collected in WA in 2019 in Pend Oreille County.
23412	2022-03-15 21:02:15		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	133225	Agrostis densiflora		species		Y	N		N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in western Washington along the outer coast;	{"Herbarium":"OSC, WS"}	Collection from 2013 from Jefferson County confirmed by Barbara Wilson.  1902 collection from Grays Harbor at WS but not examined.
26637	2024-01-10 10:56:02		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	155804	Pseudosasa japonica		species		Y	N		N	N	N	I	Introduced from Asia	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Likely more common than currently documented.
26644	2023-06-04 21:21:40		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132702	Achnatherum hendersonii		species		Y	N		N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Douglas, Kittitas, and Yakima counties;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
26654	2023-05-14 21:37:41		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	132746	Achnatherum nelsonii		species		N						N	Native	Occurring chiefly east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
26673	2023-12-16 14:47:12		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	154796	Poa fendleriana ssp. fendleriana		infraspecies		Y						N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA24: "Poa fendleriana subsp. fendleriana grows chiefly in the southern and middle Rocky Mountains, and in the mountains surrounding the Colorado plateaus. Sexually reproducing populations are mainly confined to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, are rare in California, and infrequent in Colorado and Utah. Pistillate populations are common from southern British Columbia to Manitoba and south to northern Mexico, but infrequent in the Great Basin. Poa fendleriana subsp. fendleriana intergrades with subspp. albescens and longiligula where sexual or partially sexual populations have come into contact."
26693	2024-03-01 14:58:37		Vascular Plants: Monocots	Poaceae	216103	Lolium persicum		species		Y	N		N	N	N	I	Introduced from Eurasia	Occurring west of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	Recently (2018) collected in Clark County, WA.
