ID	ModifiedOn	Contributors	InformalClassification	Family	TaxonID	TaxonName	SeeAlso	NameRank	Hybrid	TerminalTaxon	Excluded	Peripheral	Waif	Endemic	Extirpated	OriginCode	Origin	Distribution	Voucher	Comments
20	2018-08-15 09:36:00		Vascular Plants: Ferns and Lycophytes	Cystopteridaceae	31496	Cystopteridaceae		family		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
21	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Ferns and Lycophytes	Cystopteridaceae	31497	Cystopteris		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
22	2023-05-20 10:04:02		Vascular Plants: Ferns and Lycophytes	Cystopteridaceae	31504	Cystopteris fragilis		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA2: "Especially in the western portion of its North American range (British Columbia, Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, California), Cystopteris fragilis appears to be developing morphologically and ecologically distinctive variants. Hybrid individuals with aborted spores have been discovered, and plants from these areas increasingly tend to grow on both soil and rock and to have slightly different morphologies on the two substrates. These variants intergrade, however, and are not sufficiently distinct to warrant species status. This polymorphic polyploid is probably actively speciating at the tetraploid level, perhaps through gene silencing (C. R. Werth and M. D. Windham 1991)."
23	2018-05-02 22:04:00		Vascular Plants: Ferns and Lycophytes	Cystopteridaceae	31532	Gymnocarpium		genus		N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native			
24	2013-09-10 08:41:00	Peter F. Zika	Vascular Plants: Ferns and Lycophytes	Cystopteridaceae	31535	Gymnocarpium brittonianum		species	Named	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native		{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
25	2020-05-03 11:30:57		Vascular Plants: Ferns and Lycophytes	Cystopteridaceae	31537	Gymnocarpium disjunctum		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring in forested areas on both sides of the Cascades crest except in southeastern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	
26	2023-05-20 17:01:55		Vascular Plants: Ferns and Lycophytes	Cystopteridaceae	31543	Gymnocarpium dryopteris		species		Y	N	N	N	N	N	N	Native	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in northeastern Washington;	{"Herbarium":"WTU"}	FNA2: "Gymnocarpium dryopteris is a fertile allotetraploid species that arose following hybridization between G . appalachianum and G . disjunctum (see reticulogram). Its wide distribution over much of the north temperate zone has provided ample opportunity for secondary contact between G . dryopteris and each of its diploid parents, thereby resulting in a wide-ranging composite of abortive-spored triploid crosses ( G . disjunctum × G . dryopteris and G . appalachianum × G . dryopteris ). These relationships are shown on the diagram. Sterile triploid plants are not restricted only to areas where the range of the tetraploid overlaps with that of either diploid. Their broad distribution could be explained in part by their spores, which are of two types: malformed, black, and with very exaggerated perispores, or round with extensive netted perispores (K. M. Pryer and D. M. Britton 1983). The latter spore type is capable of germination and presumably permits the plants to reproduce apogamously. The name G . × brittonianum (Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler has been applied to the G . disjunctum × G . dryopteris hybrid formula (K. M. Pryer and C. H. Haufler 1993). The type of G . × brittonianum has aborted and round spores, and leaves that strongly resemble those of G . disjunctum . They are large, 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, and the second and third pairs of pinnae are sessile with basal basiscopic pinnules markedly longer than the basal acroscopic pinnules. Sterile triploid plants with a morphology similar to the type of G . × brittonianum are frequent. The biology of both of these cryptic hybrid taxa needs further study, which should lead to detailed morphologic descriptions and distribution maps.<br><br>Gymnocarpium dryopteris also hybridizes with both G . jessoense subsp. parvulum and G . robertianum ."
